(1)(英格兰古法)因下嫁或下娶而使名誉受损

(2)使得他人对某人的财产或品质等产生疑问的出版物材料

(3)贬损他人的商品或服务
这在普通法上可构成诉因。

• estate tail after possibility of issue extinct
• estate tail female
• estate tail general
• estate tail male
• estate tail special
• estate tax
• estate upon condition
• estate upon condition expressed
• estate upon condition implied
• estate vested in interest
• estate vested in possession
• estate vested subject to defeasance
• Est autem jus publicum et privatum，quod ex naturalibus praeceptis aut gentium，aut civilibus est collectum；et quod in jure scripto jus appellatur，id in lege angliae rectum esse dicitur.
• Est autem vis legem simulans.
• Est boni judicis ampliare jurisdictionem.
• este
• ester in judgment
• esterling
• estimate
• estimated
• estimated cost
• estimated tax
• estimated useful life
• estimates
• Estimates Committee