| 单词 | federalism |
| 释义 | federalism federalism a system of government whereby there are at least two levels of government operating simultaneously, exercising autonomous powers. Under such a system the constitution must, and usually does, specify which level of authority has power in which areas and should provide a method of resolving jurisdiction- al disputes.The central or senior body is often called the federal government, although any name may be used, but there are many names for the political groupings on the next level, e.g. states, provinces, Länder or cantons. The precise allocation of responsibilities and powers varies infinitely, but usually the higher-level body deals with matters such as foreign policy and macroeconomics. Depending upon history, the power may have developed to the lower levels or come together in the higher level (when sometimes the word confederation is used). The USA, Canada, Australia, Germany and Switzerland are exam- ples of federal arrangements. The UK is not a federation, although every so often proposals are made for varying degrees of devolution that might inevitably lead to a federal arrangement. The EUROPEAN UNION is not a federation because the Union institutions are supreme in the (limited) areas over which the MEMBER STATES irrevocably gave them jurisdiction, making the European Union a SUPRANATIONAL body. The COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION decides points of COMMUNITY LAW applicable in all the member states. In recent years, however, there has been discussion among commentators of the pos- sibility that continued expansion may mean that a federal arrange- ment would be needed to cope with the diversity of views and cul- tures at national level. See also CONSTITUTIONAL LAW. |
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