animals
pl. n. For purposes of civil liability in England, animals are classified as belonging to a dangerous or a non-dangerous species (Animals Act 1971). A dangerous species is one not commonly domesticated in the British Isles, whose fully grown members are likely to cause severe damage, or any damage they do cause will be severe. The keeper of an animal of a dangerous species is strictly liable for any damage it causes. Liability for damage done by other animals arises either under the Animals Act, if the animal was known by its keeper to have characteristics not normally found in that species, or only normally found in particular circumstances, which made it likely to cause that kind of damage; or under ordinary rules of tort liability. Thus carelessly allowing a dog to stray on the highway can make the keeper liable in negligence if it causes an accident, and excessive smell from a pig farm can be an actionable nuisance (Wheeler v Saunders [1996] Ch 19).

The Animals Act also imposes strict liability for damage done by trespassing livestock, which includes cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, goats, and poultry. The keeper of a dog that kills or injures livestock is liable for the damage, except when the livestock was injured while straying on the keeper’s land. If livestock is worried by a dog, the owner of the livestock (or the owner of the land on which the livestock lives) may kill or injure the dog to protect the livestock.

In Scotland, there is strict liability for damage caused by animals belonging to a species likely to kill or severely injure persons or animals or cause material damage to property under the Animals (Scotland) Act 1987. The Act also excuses the killing or injuring of an animal that attacks or harries people or livestock.

Dangerous wild animals may require a licence under the Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976 (see dangerous animals). Keeping dogs of a species bred for fighting is an offence under the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991. The use of guard dogs is controlled by the Guard Dogs Act 1975. Other statutes protect various species, control importation of animals, and deal with animal diseases. From April 2016 it became compulsory for all dogs in England to be fitted with a microchip, on penalty of a £500 fine (Microchipping of Dogs (England) Regulations 2015). Currently (2021) there is discussion under way with regard to introducing compulsory microchipping for cats.

• accession
• access land
• accessory
• accessory liability in breach of trust
• access to neighbouring land
• accident
• accomenda
• accommodation bill
• accomplice
• accord and satisfaction
• account
• accounting period
• accounting practice
• accounting records
• account monitoring order
• account of profits
• accounts
• accreditation
• accretion
• accrue
• accruer
• accumulation
• accusare nemo se debet
• accusatorial procedure
• acid attacks