| 释义 |
horizontal agreements
Agreements between companies at the same level of the supply chain; for example, agreements between two or more manufacturers or wholesalers, rather than between a manufacturer and a distributor (compare vertical agreements). Horizontal agreements that restrict competition may infringe the competition provisions of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and the Chapter I prohibition in the UK Competition Act 1998. Most cartels are horizontal agreements. In 2011 the EU issued Horizontal Guidelines on how such agreements are to be treated under competition law. |