| 单词 | cartel |
| 释义 | cartel • prices; • output levels; • discounts; • credit terms; • which customers they will supply; • which areas they will supply; • who should win a contract (bid rigging). Each of the above types of agreement is prohibited by the Competition Act 1998 in the UK and Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union in the EU. In addition, the Enterprise Act 2002 makes it a criminal offence in the UK for individuals dishonestly to take part in certain specified cartels, essentially those that involve price fixing, market sharing, limitation of production or supply, or bid rigging. Cartels can occur in almost any industry and can involve goods or services at the manufacturing, distribution, or retail level. Some sectors are more susceptible to cartels than others because of the structure or the way in which they operate. The UK competition authorities believe these are mostly where: • there are few competitors; • the products have similar characteristics, leaving little scope for competition on quality or service; • communication channels between competitors are already established; • the industry is suffering from excess capacity or there is general recession. 2. An agreement between belligerent states for certain types of non-hostile transactions, especially the treatment and exchange of prisoners. |
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