| 单词 | Remoteness |
| 释义 | 間接性 A factor in contract and tort which limits a defendant’s responsibility for the loss suffered by a plaintiff. A plaintiff in an action of contract or tort must prove that the damage caused by the defendant’s act is not too remote: Kishimoto Sangyo Co Ltd v Akihiro Oba (CACV 211A/95, unreported); Bonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw [1956] AC 613. In contract, the plaintiff may recover such damages ‘as may fairly and reasonably be considered either arising naturally, that is according to the usual course of things, from the breach of contract itself, or such as may reasonably be supposed to have been in the contemplation of both parties, at the time they made the contract, as the probable result of the breach of it’: Hadley v Baxendale (1854) 9 Ex 341, 156 ER 145; Castlespring Enterprises Ltd v Core Resource (HK) Ltd [1989] 1 HKC 283. The test for remoteness is a higher and stricter test in cases regarding contracts than it is for the tort of negligence since the parties are able to control the consequences of a breach of contract by the terms drafted and agreed to in the contract: Koufos v C Czarnikow Ltd (The Heron II) [1969] 1 AC 350; [1967] 3 All ER 686. In tort, the test is ‘reasonable foreseeability’, that is whether the kind of injury or damage suffered by the plaintiff was reasonably foreseeable as a consequence of the defendant’s negligence: Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Miller Steamship Pty Ltd (The Wagon Mound) (No 2) [1967] 1 AC 617. See also Causation; Contract; Damages; General damages; Hadley v Baxendale, rule in; Mitigation; Reasonable foreseeability; Special damages; Tort. 在合約和民事侵犯案件，用以限制被告導致原告蒙受損失的責任的因素。在合約和民事侵犯訴訟，原告必須證明由被告導致損害的行為不會太間接：Kishimoto Sangyo Co Ltd v Akihiro Oba（民事上訴1995年第211號，未經彙報）；Bonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw [1956] AC 613。在合約法，原告可追討「被視為公平及合理地由下列事項產生的賠償：即根據事物的一般過程由違反合約本身產生，或可合理地假設，在當事人訂立合約時，就違反合約的可能結果而言，已在雙方當事人的預料之中而產生」：Hadley v Baxendale (1854) LR 9 Ex 341, 156 ER 145; Castlespring Enterprises Ltd v Core Resource (HK) Ltd [1989] 1 HKC 283。在有關合約的案件，間接的測試會比在民事侵犯法的疏忽案件的測試有更嚴格及有更高的要求；原因在於當事人可以合約草擬的條款及同意的條款控制違反合約的後果：Koufos v C Czarnikow Ltd (The Heron II) [1969] 1 AC 350; [1967] 3 All ER 686。在民事侵犯案件，有關的測試是 「可合理預見」，即是否可合理地預見被告人的疏忽會導致原告蒙受有關的傷害或損害：Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Miller Steamship Pty Ltd (The Wagon Mound) (No 2) [1967] 1 AC 617。另見 Causation; Contract; Damages; General damages; Hadley v Baxendale, rule in; Mitigation; Reasonable foreseeability; Special damages; Tort。n. |
| 随便看 |
|
法律词典收录了8080条英汉双解法律词条，基本涵盖了常用法律英语单词及短语词组的翻译及用法，是法律学习的有利工具。