| 单词 | Unreliable evidence |
| 释义 | 不可靠的證據 Evidence of questionable veracity, the probative value of which may be inappropriately weighed by a jury. The kind of evidence which may be deemed unreliable includes: hearsay evidence, identification evidence, evidence the reliability of which may be affected by age, physical or mental ill health, or injury; evidence given by a witness who might reasonably be supposed to have been criminally concerned in the events giving rise to the proceeding, such as an accomplice, evidence given by a prison informer, or evidence given by a witness of bad character, such as a witness with any previous conviction. For example, recognition may be more reliable than an identification of a stranger, but a jury should nevertheless be warned that mistakes may occur: R v Turnbull [1977] QB 224, 63 Cr App Rep 132 (CA). Sometimes a magistrate or a judge may also look at the demeanor of a witness when assessing his credibility. However, the question of ‘demeanour of witnesses’ has been adverted to frequently and the dangers of placing too great a reliance upon such are well known. The inherent probability or improbability of the witness’ version of the events, consistency or inconsistency with the undisputed or indisputable facts, and if the witness contradicts himself on important points are factors to be considered: HKSAR v Poon Siu Wai Martin (HCMA 1012/2001, unreported). See also Identification evidence; Probative value. 對其真實性有質疑的證據，陪審團可能對作證據的價值給予不恰當的分量。可當作為不可靠的證據包括：傳聞證據；目擊證人的證據；其可靠性可能受年齡、生理或心理健康欠佳或傷病影響的證據；由某位可能在合理情況下假定為在刑事上涉及產生該法律程序的情況的證人（如從犯）所作出的證據；由監獄中的告發人所作出的證據；或由品格不良的的證人（如有定罪紀錄的證人）所作出的證據。舉例說，確認比辨認陌生人的身分可能更可靠，但法官仍然應該警告陪審團有可能會出現錯誤：R v Turnbull [1977] QB 224, 63 Cr App Rep 132（英國上訴法庭）。當評定某證人的可信程度時，有時候裁判官或法官亦可顧及該證人的行為。然而，關於「證人的行為」這一問題一直經常受到注視，而裁判官或法官亦清楚明白過份依據這一點所帶來的風險。須考慮的因素如下：證人所講述的情形的版本中固有可能性或不可能性、未經爭議的或不容置疑的事實前後一致或前後不一致、及若果於要點上證人反駁其本身的證供：HKSAR v Poon Siu Wai Martin（高院裁判法院上訴2001年第1012號，未經彙報）。另見 Identification evidence; Probative value。 |
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