| 单词 | Human rights |
| 释义 | 人權 Fundamental rights inherent in every individual on the basis of humanity and are rights recognised or existing pursuant to law, conventions, regulations or custom. Civil and Political rights - The rights and freedoms which may be constitutionally entrenched and guaranteed, recognised at common law, or declared by any relevant international instrument including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the Basic Law of the Hong Kong SAR and the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance (Cap 383). When a legislative provision restricted fundamental rights, the burden rested on the person employing that provision to justify its use and the test of proportionality applied: Equal Opportunities Commission v Director of Education [2001] 2 HKLRD 690. See also Right to a hearing; Right to fair trial; Right to freedom of religion; Right to life; Right to personal liberty; Right to privacy. Constitutional law - The Basic Law of the Hong Kong SAR guarantees two types of rights: rights guaranteed under the Basic Law art 39, and rights guaranteed under the provision in the Basic Law Ch III (other than art 39). The first group of rights are those which are included in international human rights instruments (as applied to Hong Kong) that are to remain in force and to be implemented through the laws of the Hong Kong SAR. The international human rights instruments concerned are the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights, and international labour conventions. Although such rights may be restricted by restrictions prescribed by law, those restrictions must not contravene the provisions of the relevant international human rights instrument as applied to Hong Kong: Basic Law art 39(2). The second group of rights are those which are guaranteed solely under the Basic Law, which may not be rights guaranteed under any of the international human rights instruments mentioned in art 39 and may be additional to the rights guaranteed under those instruments (which set out minimum standards). Art 39(2) has no application to this second group of rights. Those rights cannot be restricted without limitation provided the restrictions are prescribed by law: Director of Immigration v Gurund Kesh Bahadur (FACV 17/2000, unreported). The second group of rights includes the right to vote, the right to stand for election, freedom of the press and of publication, freedom of procession and of demonstration, the inviolability of the freedom of the person, the inviolability of the home and other premises of Hong Kong residents, the freedom and privacy of communication of Hong Kong residents, the freedom of movement, the freedom to travel and to enter or leave the Hong Kong SAR, the freedom of choice of occupation, the freedom to engage in academic research, literary and artistic creation and other cultural activities, the right to confidential legal advice, access to the courts, choice of lawyers for timely protection of their lawful rights and interests or for representation in the courts, and to judicial remedies, the right to social welfare, the freedom of marriage, and the right to raise a family freely. See also Basic Law; Discrimination; Freedom of speech; International law; Justice. Foreign relations - The United Nations Universal Declaration on Human Rights 1948 acknowledges that while human rights are based on universal values and exhaustively common to all peoples and societies, their precise content may vary, and it is not possible to define them: Gerhardy v Brown (1985) 57 ALR 472, 159 CLR 70. A recognition of human rights involves a restraint on the exercise of sovereign powers to ensure a respect for individual rights within a society: Gerhardy v Brown, supra. A violation of human rights may not necessarily constitute a breach of a state’s domestic law but breaches its international obligations: Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen (1982) 153 CLR 168. However, the Basic Law of the Hong Kong SAR gave the provisions, as applied to Hong Kong, of two human rights treaties (namely the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966) constitutional force in the Hong Kong SAR and they can be applied as yardsticks to gauge the constitutionality of legislation: HKSAR v Ng Kung Siu & Anor [2000] 1 HKC 117 (CFA). States are bound morally, but not legally, to recognise human rights in domestic law: Gerhardy v Brown, supra. See also International Bill of Human Rights. 指任何一人基於身為人類而固有的基本權利，此外，人權是根據法律、公約、規則或習俗而獲予以承認的權利。 公民權利和政治權利 - 在普通法上已合法地確認、保證及承認的權利及自由；或經任何有關的國際法律文件聲明的權利及自由，包括《公民權利和政治權利國際公約》(ICCPR)、《香港特別行政區基本法》及《香港人權法案條例》（第383章）。如某法例條文限制基本權利，使用該等例文的人有責任就其用處提出充分的理由，並應引用相稱驗證：Equal Opportunities Commission v Director of Education [2001] 2 HKLRD 690。另見 Right to a hearing; Right to fair trial; Right to freedom of religion; Right to life; Right to personal liberty; Right to privacy。 憲法 - 《香港特別行政區基本法》保證兩類權利：根據《基本法》第39條所保證的權利，以及根據《基本法》第三章的條文所保證的權利。第一類權利指載於國際人權法律文件（而適用於香港）的權利，而該等權利仍然生效，並通過香港特別行政區的法律予以實施。有關的國際人權法律文件包括《公民權利和政治權利國際公約》、《經濟、社會和文化權利的國際公約》以及國際勞工公約。雖然此等權利可依法規定受到限制，但該等限制不得與適用於香港的有關國際人權法律文件的條文有抵觸：《基本法》第39(2)條。第二類權利指純粹根據基本法所保證的權利，即並非第39條中所述及的國際人權法律文件中所保證的權利，但可以是該等（訂下最低標準的）法律文件的附加權利。第39(2)條不適用於此等第二類權利。該等權利不可在無限制的情況下受到限制，並以法律訂明的限制為限：Director of Immigration v Gurund Kesh Bahadur（終院民事上訴2000年第17號，未經彙報）。第二類權利包括選舉權和被選舉權；新聞及出版的自由；遊行及示威的自由；香港居民不受侵犯的人身自由；香港居民的住宅和其他房屋的不受侵犯；香港居民的通訊自由和通訊秘密；遷徙的自由、旅行和出入香港特別行政區的自由；選擇職業的自由；進行學術研究、文學藝術創作和其他文化活動的自由；得到秘密法律諮詢、向法院提起訴訟、選擇律師及時保護自己的合法權益或在法庭上為其代理和獲得司法補救的權利；享受社會福利的權利；婚姻自由和自願生育的權利。另見 Basic Law; Discrimination; Freedom of speech; International law; Justice。 外交關係 - 聯合國《世界人權宣言》承認，儘管人權是基於普世價值、並且對所有人和社會而言都是完全相同的，但其具體內容可以不同方式表達，因而不可能作出定義：Gerhardy v Brown (1985) 159 CLR 70, 57 ALR 472。承認人權意味著限制行使主權權力，以確保社會內個人權利受到尊重：Gerhardy v Brown, 見上文。侵犯人權不一定違反一國的國內法，但違反其國際義務：Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen (1982) 153 CLR 168, 39 ALR 417。《香港特別行政區基本法》賦予適用於香港的兩條人權條約（即《1966年公民權利和政治權利國際公約》和《1966年經濟、社會和文化權利國際公約》）繼續在香港特別行政區生效，亦可以作為衡量香港法例的合憲性的衡量標準：HKSAR v Ng Kung Siu & Anor [2000] 1 HKC 117（終審法院）。就於國內法中承認人權的地位而言，國家有道義上而非法律上的義務：Gerhardy v Brown, 見上文。另見 International Bill of Human Rights。 |
| 随便看 |
|
法律词典收录了8080条英汉双解法律词条，基本涵盖了常用法律英语单词及短语词组的翻译及用法，是法律学习的有利工具。