| 单词 | Self-defence |
| 释义 | 自衛 The use of force by a person to protect that person, another person or property. Conflict of laws - In international law, the justified use of counter force by a state to protect its territorial integrity and independence and to repel and aggressor: Charter of the United Nations 1945 arts 2(4), 51. Self-defence is an inherent right of every state. It arises if an armed attack occurs against a member state, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain peace: for example Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v US), Merits 1986 ICJ 14. Measures taken by the member state must be immediately reported to the Security Council: art 51. See also Self-help. Criminal law - Acting to guard or protect oneself, a third party, or property against imminent harm, or a threat of harm, by another: Beckford v R [1988] AC 130. In criminal law or tort, self-defence may be a complete defence where a person injures another using force, as in the case of murder or assault: Offences against the Person Ordinance (Cap 212) s 8. The defence also applies to the defence of relatives and dependants: R v Duffy [1967] 1 QB 63, [1966] 1 All ER 62, 50 Cr App Rep 68 (CCA). Self-defence may be pleaded only where the defendant’s conduct was induced by the need to defend himself or herself and prevent further harm, rather than by the desire to retaliate or injure another: R v Clegg [1995] 1 AC 482, 1 All ER 334 (HL). A person is entitled to use only such force as is reasonable in the circumstances: R v Clegg [1995] 1 AC 482, 1 All ER 334 (HL). In deciding whether the force was reasonable, consideration is given to the difficulty of quickly assessing the correct amount of force to be used, and whether there were any reasonable means of escape from the initial danger: Palmer v R [1971] AC 814. See also Reasonable force. 一個人為保護自己，另一人或財物而使用武力。 法律衝突 - 就國際法而言，一個國家為保護領土完整、獨立、及為驅趕侵略者，而具正當理由使用的還擊武力：《1945年聯合國憲章》第2(4)條及第51條。自衛乃每一個國家的固有權利。當一個成員國受到武力襲擊，直到安理會採取有需要的維持和平行動前，該成員國有權作出自衛：Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v US), Merits 1986 ICJ 14。成員國所採取過的措施必須馬上向安理會匯報：第51條。另見 Self-help。 刑法 - 為守衛或保護自己、第三者或財物，免受他人引致的即將出現的傷害或傷害威脅而作出的行為：Beckford v R [1988] AC 130。在刑法或侵權法，如一人使用武力傷害他人，例如謀殺或襲擊他人，自衛可以是完全的抗辯：《侵害人身罪條例》(第212章) 第8條。自衛的抗辯也適用於親屬及受養人的抗辯：R v Duffy [1967] 1 QB 63, [1966] 1 All ER 62, 50 Cr App Rep 68 （形事上訴法院）。如被告的行為是因為須要防衛自己及阻止進一步的傷害所致，而非意欲反擊或傷害他人，則才可以自衛作訴：R v Clegg [1995] 1 AC 482, 1 All ER 334（上議院）。如於有關的情況屬合理，才可有權使用自衛性武力：R v Clegg [1995] 1 AC 482, 1 All ER 334（上議院）。在決定有關的武力是否合理時，會考慮迅速評估使用武力的正確程度的難度，及是否有任何合理逃出最初危險處境的合理方法：Palmer v R [1971] AC 814。另見 Reasonable force。 |
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