| 单词 | Unborn child |
| 释义 | 未出生子女 A child in its mother’s womb (‘en ventre sa mère’). At common law, an unborn child is not regarded as a human being (Earl of Bedford’s case 77 ER 421) but for various legal purposes such as the rule against perpetuities (Perpetuities and Accumulations Ordinance (Cap 257) s 2(1)), class closing rules and claims to inheritance in succession law (Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Ordinance (Cap 481) s 2(1)), family provision, and workers’ compensation, an unborn child is fictionally deemed to be already born when the result of applying the fiction is to benefit the child when actually born: Elliott v Joicey [1935] AC 209; Villar v Gilbey [1907] AC 139. See also En ventre sa mè; re; Foetus. Criminal law - A child in its mother’s womb. The person killed in a murder must be a person in being; it is not murder to kill an unborn child while it is in the mother’s womb: R v Kwok Chak Ming (No 1) [1963] HKLR 226. If the injury is done to the child while in the womb and the child is born alive, but subsequently dies of the injury, that may be murder: R v West (1848) 2 Car & Kir 784, 175 ER 329 (CCR). The victim does not need to be a person in being at the time of the conduct which ultimately caused the death: A-G’s Reference (No 3 of 1994) [1997] 3 All ER 936, [1998] AC 245, [1997] 3 WLR 421 (HL). See also Murder. Negligence - An individual who has been conceived and is in its mother’s womb but has not yet been born. An unborn child may take the form of a foetus or embryo. Where it is reasonably foreseeable that a defendant’s negligence may cause injury to a class of persons of which the unborn child is a member, the defendant owes the unborn child a duty to guard against such injury: Watt v Rama [1972] VR 353. A pregnant woman’s failure to wear a seat belt does not render her guilty of any contributory negligence because the possibility of injury to her unborn child would have been greater if she had worn a seat belt; it was also not incumbent for her to sit in the rear seat of the car to reduce contributory negligence in the event of an accident: Chan Wing Kin & Anor v Fonnie Co Ltd & Anor [1983] 1 HKC 400. The foetus, up to the moment of birth, does not have any separate interests capable of being taken into account when a court has to consider an application for a declaration in respect of a caesarian section operation. The court does not have the jurisdiction to declare that such medical intervention is lawful to protect the interests of the unborn child even at the point of birth: Re C (Emergency medical treatment) [2003] 1 HKC 245. See also Abortion; Pre-natal injury. Succession - A person who is en ventre sa mère. An unborn child at the time of creation of an estate or interest and is afterwards born alive is deemed to be a person in being for the purposes both of the vesting of the estate or interest in him (Villar v Gilbey [1907] AC 139 (HL)), and of being a life chosen to form the perpetuity period (Burton v Islington Health Authority, de Martell v Merton and Sutton Health Authority [1993] QB 204, [1992] 3 All ER 833 (CA)). Words referring to children or issue ‘born’ before or ‘living’ at or ‘surviving’ a particular point of time or event do not in their ordinary or natural meaning include a child en ventre sa mère at the relevant date: Elliot v Joicey [1935] AC 209 (HL). It has, however, been adopted as a rule of construction for giving effect to a presumed intention that, in a gift or condition referring to persons of named relationship to the testator or other propositus who are born at or living at a particular time, the description includes a person who is then en ventre sa mère and is afterwards born alive and would have come under the description if he had been then actually born or living, provided that this construction is for the benefit of the unborn person, and, it seems, provided that there is no context in the will negating the presumed intention: Villar v Gilbey, supra). 在其母親子宮內的子女（ ‘en ventre sa mère’，即指尚在其母腹中的（子女））。在普通法上，未出生子女不視為人（Earl of Bedford’s case 77 ER 421），但就不同的法律目的而言，例如在繼承法中針對財產恆繼的規則（《財產恆繼及收益累積條例》（第 257章）第2(1)條）、繼承法的類別人數限制原則及繼承的申索（《財產繼承（供養遺屬及受養人）條例》（第481章）第2(1)條）、家庭供養及工人補償，某個未出生子女會在法律上被假定為經已出生，若引用該假定會致使該子女在實際出生時受益：Elliott v Joicey [1935] AC 209; Villar v Gilbey [1907] AC 139。另見En ventre sa mè; re; Foetus。 刑法 - 在其母親子宮內的子女。謀殺案被殺的人必須是已在世的人；殺害仍在母親子宮內的未出生子女並非謀殺：R v Kwok Chak Ming (No 1) [1963] HKLR 226。如對仍在子官內的子女作出傷害，而該名子女活著出生，但其後因有關的傷害而死亡，則可構成謀殺：R v West (1848) 2 Car & Kitt 784, 2 Cox CC 500（刑事法院）。受害者在最終導致死亡的行為發生時無需是己在世的人：A-G’s Reference (No 3 of 1994) [1996] 2 All ER 10, 1 WLR 412（芵國上訴法院）。另見 Murder。 疏忽 - 孕育於及處於其母親的子宮內，但仍未出生的人。未出生子女有以下形式：胎兒或胚胎。如可理應預見被告人的疏忽可導致某類別的人士受傷害，而該未出生子女屬該類別的成員之一，則被告人對該未出生子女負有責任，防止此等傷害發生：Watt v Rama [1972] VR 353。孕婦沒有扣上安全帶並不會致使她犯有任何共分疏忽，因為若她扣上安全帶，則其未出生子女蒙受傷害的可能性本應更大；她亦沒有責任坐在車輛的後座，以減少在意外的情況下的共分疏忽：Chan Wing Kin & Anor v Fonnie Co Ltd & Anor [1983] 1 HKC 400。在法庭須就剖腹產術的申請作出聲明時，胎兒在出生前其任何各別利益不可列為考慮因素。法庭沒有司法管轄權作出聲明，宣布此等醫學干預即使在未出生子女出生時亦合法保障其權益：Re C (緊急醫療) [2003] 1 HKC 245。另見 Abortion; Pre-natal injury。 繼承 - 尚在其母腹中的人。在某產業或權益產生時尚未出生，而在該產業或權益產生後活生的子女，就以下兩個目的而言當作在世的人：將該產業或權益歸予該子女（Villar v Gilbey [1907] AC 139（上議院）），及獲選構成財產恆繼期的生命（Burton v Islington Health Authority, de Martell v Merton and Sutton Health Authority [1993] QB 204, [1992] 3 All ER 833（芵國上訴法院））。以下提述子女或後嗣的字眼：在某特定時間或事情之前「出生」或在該時間或事情「生存」或「尚存」的，在其一般或正常的涵義中，並不包括於有關日期尚在其母腹中的子女：Elliot v Joicey [1935] AC 209（上議院）。但這已採用為一項釋義原則，使下述的假定意圖有效：在提述與立遺囑人或其他當事人有指定關係的人的饋贈或條件，而該人是在某特定時間出生或生存，則該描述包括當時尚在其母腹中及其後活生的人，若該人實際上已出生或生存，則本應會在該描述的範圍內，但此釋義會使該未出生的人受益，並看來在遺囑內沒有否定該假定意圖的文意：Villar v Gilbey，見上文。 |
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