| 单词 | terrorism |
| 释义 | terrorism • the use or threat of action that involves serious violence against a person or serious damage to property, endangers a person’s life, creates a serious risk to the health or safety of the public or a section of the public, or is designed to interfere with or disrupt an electronic system; or • the use or threat of violence designed to influence the government or intimidate the public or a section of the public where the use or threat of such action or violence is made for the purpose of advancing a political, religious, or ideological cause. The Act also provides that the action referred to may include action taken or threatened outside the UK. The 2000 Act contains provisions that allow for certain organizations to be declared as proscribed organizations. It then becomes an offence to be a member of such an organization. The Act also contains detailed provisions as to property defined as being “terrorist property” and the forfeiture of such property. There are detailed provisions relating to the investigation of terrorist activities that grant the police and security services special and extra powers. These include special powers to stop and search, detain, and interrogate those suspected of involvement in terrorist activities. Like previous legislation relating to terrorism, the 2000 Act was intended primarily to deal with the situation in Northern Ireland. However, since the terrorist attacks on the United States on 11 September 2001 the focus has shifted to the threat of international terrorism. Accordingly, the Antiterrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 included measures designed to cut off the funding of international terror groups, to ensure the security of the UK’s aviation and nuclear power industries, and to restrict access to dangerous substances that could be used in terrorist attacks. More controversially, Part 4 of the Act gave the Secretary of State powers to detain certain classes of foreign nationals for an indefinite period without charge or trial on the basis that they were suspected of involvement in terrorism. This provision required a derogation from the European Convention on Human Rights and was declared unlawful by the House of Lords in December 2004 (A v Secretary of State for the Home Department (2004) UKHL 56, [2005] 2 AC 68). The Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 repealed these so-called Part 4 powers and replaced them with a system of Control Orders, under which the Secretary of State could impose an order placing various restrictions on the movements or activities of named individuals (whether they were UK nationals or not). Although a control order was automatically subject to judicial review, there was no obligation to disclose the evidence on which it was based either to the person made subject to the order or to his legal counsel of choice. In June 2006 the High Court quashed six of the control orders then in force, as being contrary to the Human Rights Act. Although this decision was reversed by the House of Lords, the Law Lords upheld a similar appeal in June 2009. From January 2012 control orders were replaced by Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures (TPIMs), a change that removed some of the more extreme restrictions that could be imposed under the previous regime (e.g. a total ban on mobile phone use) but retained the use of secret evidence. TPIMs expire automatically after two years but can be renewed if the Secretary of State believes that new evidence has emerged. The Terrorism Act 2006 was passed in the wake of the London bombings of 7 July 2005. It gives police the power to hold terrorist suspects for up to 28 days without charge and creates a range of new offences including the encouragement or “glorification” of terrorism, training for terrorism, and the dissemination of terrorist literature. The Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 created a further offence of publishing certain classes of information “likely to be useful” to terrorists. The Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 introduced measures designed to restrict the activities of people who travel abroad to engage in terrorist activity and then return to the UK. It also imposes a duty on a range of bodies, including schools and NHS trusts, to act “with due regard” to the need to “prevent” people from being drawn into terrorism (pt 5). |
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