| 单词 | War clause |
| 释义 | 戰爭條款 1. A clause contained in a bill of lading or charterparty stipulating the course of action which may be taken by the shipowner or master of a vessel if the vessel, its cargo and/or crew have been put at risk as a result of any actual or threatened act of war, war, hostilities, warlike operations, civil war, civil commotions, revolutions etc, should the voyage proceed. The terms of such clauses vary, but always allow the shipowner or master to avoid putting the ship or crew at risk: for example, Shelltime 4 cl 35; Baltime cl 21; NYPE (1993) cl 31(e). The war clause in a charterparty may provide that the vessel not be ordered nor continue to any place which will bring her within a zone which is dangerous as a result of any actual or threatened act of war, war, hostilities, warlike operations, unless the consent of the owners be first obtained. The charterer who is in control of the vessel may be in breach of the war clause even if he allows the vessel to ‘continue’ into a zone which is dangerous as a result of any actual or threatened act of war, war, hostilities, warlike operations: Ocean Tramp Tankers Corp v V/O Sovfracht [1964] 2 QB 226, [1964] 1 All ER 161, [1964] 2 WLR 114 (CA). The war clause may provide that no bills of lading be signed for any blockaded port and if the port of discharge be declared blockaded after bills of lading have been signed, or if the port to which the ship has been ordered to discharge either on signing bills of lading or thereafter be one to which the ship is or shall be prohibited from going, the owner shall discharge the cargo at any other port covered by this charterparty (not being a blockaded or prohibited port) as ordered by the charterers and shall be entitled to freight as if the ship had discharged at the port or ports of discharge as originally ordered. A prolonged war may frustrate a contract: Bank Line Ltd v Arthur Capel & Co [1919] AC 435. 2. An insurance clause, usually used in marine or aviation insurance which covers losses arising from capture, seizure, hostilities, or other warlike operations in times of conflict and war: Furtado v Rogers (1802) 3 Bos & P 191. Sometimes a war exclusion clause is inserted so insurance is not effective during times of conflict. The Institute War Clauses (Cargo) may be inserted in the policy so that the losses due to war are insured. They cover, subject to specified exceptions: (1) war, civil war, revolution, rebellion, insurrection, civil strife or hostile acts by or against a belligerent power; (2) actual or attempted capture, seizure, arrest, restraint or detainment arising from those risks, and their consequences; and (3) derelict mines, torpedoes, bombs or other weapons. The Institute War and Strikes Clauses (Hulls-Time), the Institute War and Strikes Clauses (Hulls-Voyage), the Institute War and Strikes Clauses (Freight-Time) and the Institute War and Strikes Clauses (Freight-Voyage) are in similar terms. See also Act of war; Bill of lading; Cargo; Charterparty; Crew; Ship. 1. 提單或租船合約中載有的一項條款，規定若航程繼續進行，而船隻、其貨物及／或船員由於任何實際的或威脅戰爭行為、戰爭、敵對行為、戰爭的作業、內戰、內亂及革命行動等而遇到危險，船東或船長可採取的一連串行動。該等條款的字眼各有差異，但總會准許船東或船長避免讓該船隻或船員遇到危險：例如，Shelltime 4 cl 35; Baltime cl 21; NYPE (1993) cl 31(e)。租船合約中的戰爭條款可規定該船隻不接受命令或不繼續前往由於任何實際的或威脅戰爭行為、戰爭、敵對行為、戰爭的作業而會導致該船隻進入危險地帶的任何地方，除非先獲得船東的同意。即使控制該船隻的租船人僅准予該船隻「繼續」前往由於任何實際的或威脅戰爭行為、戰爭、敵對行為、戰爭的作業而產生的危險地帶，亦可能會違反戰爭條款：Ocean Tramp Tankers Corp v V/O Sovfracht [1964] 2 QB 226, [1964] 1 All ER 161, [1964] 2 WLR 114（英國上訴法院）。戰爭條款可規定因任何受封鎖的港口而不准簽署任何提單，及若卸貨港在提單獲簽署後，獲宣布為受封鎖，或若該船隻已接受命令在提單簽署時或之後於此卸貨的港口，是該船隻不獲准或將不獲准前往的，則該船東可在租船人的命令下，在該租船合約涵蓋的任何其他港口（不屬受封鎖或受禁制的港口）卸貨，及將有如該船隻已於原來命令的卸貨港口卸貨，而享有運費。長時間的戰爭可使合約受挫：Bank Line Ltd v Arthur Capel & Co [1919] AC 435。 2. 保單中的條款，通常用於海上保險或民航保險上，使受保人獲得保障而免除在衝突及戰爭時在以下情況所導致的損失：擄獲、扣押、敵對行為或其他戰爭的作業：Furtado v Rogers (1802) 3 Bos & P 191。有時保險中會加入一項戰爭豁免條款，使該保險在衝突時無效。保單中可載入《海險的戰爭開展條款（貨物）》，為戰爭所導致的損失投保。除特定例外情況另有規定外，該等條款為以下情況投保：(1) 由某交戰國發起或針對該交戰國發起的戰爭、內戰、革命、叛亂、暴動、國內衝突或敵對行為；(2) 因上述危險情況所導致的實質或企圖擄獲、扣押、拘捕、約制或扣留，及其後果；及(3) 被遺棄的地雷、水雷、炸彈或其他武器。《戰爭開展及罷工條款（船身-時間）》、《戰爭開展及罷工條款（船身-航程）》、《戰爭開展及罷工條款（運貨-時間）》及《戰爭開展及罷工條款（運貨-航程）》，在內容方面均相類同。另見 Act of war; Bill of lading; Cargo; Charterparty; Crew; Ship。 |
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