| 单词 | Undisclosed principal |
| 释义 | 非公開委託人 In agency law, a principal whose name, existence or connection with the transaction is not known to a third party at the time the principal’s agent contracts with the third party. There is no duty to disclose the name of an undisclosed principal: Hellenic Reliance Insurance SA v Grand Union Insurance Co Ltd [1989] 2 HKC 533 (HC). The doctrine of the undisclosed principal states that (1) where an agent contracts on behalf of an undisclosed principal within the scope of his actual authority, the undisclosed principal may sue or be sued on that contract (The Mahkutai [1993] 2 HKC 71 (CA)); (2) in entering into the contract, the agent must intend to act on the principal’s behalf; (3) the agent of an undisclosed principal may also sue and be sued on the contract (Cargill Hong Kong Ltd v Hoecheong Products Co Ltd [1993] 2 HKC 103 (CA)); (4) any defence which the third party may have against the agent is available against his principal; (5) the terms of the contract may, expressly or by implication, exclude the principal’s right to sue and his liability to be sued; the contract itself or the circumstances surrounding a contract may show that the agent is the true and only principal (Shenzhen Baoming Ceramics Co Ltd v Companion-China Ltd [2000] 2 HKC 790, 2 HKLRD 288 (CA)): Siu Yin Kwan v Eastern Insurance Co Ltd [1994] 2 AC 199, 1 All ER 213, 1 HKLR 77 (PC). As an exception to the parol evidence rule, evidence of an undisclosed principal where the agent has entered into a contract is admissible to show the identity of the real principal in order to entitle him to sue on the contract: Shui On Centre Co Ltd v Persons Unknown & Anor [2002] 2 HKC 263. See also Agency; Agent; Authority; Non-disclosure; Principal; Scope of authority. 在代理法上，於委託人的代理與第三方簽訂合約時，其名稱、存在或與交易的關係不為該第三方所知的委託人。代理人沒有責任披露非公開委託人的名字：Hellenic Reliance Insurance SA v Grand Union Insurance Co Ltd [1989] 2 HKC 533（高等法院）。非公開委託人的原則列明：(1) 如某代理人在其實際權限的範圍內代表非公開委託人簽訂合約，則該非公開委託人可基於該合約起訴或被起訴（The Mahkutai [1993] 2 HKC 71（上訴法庭））；(2) 該代理人在訂立合約時，必須有代表該委託人行事的意圖；(3) 非公開委託人的代理人亦可基於合約起訴與被起訴（Cargill Hong Kong Ltd v Hoecheong Products Co Ltd [1993] 2 HKC 103（上訴法庭））；(4) 第三方可針對代理人的任何抗辯，亦可用作針對其委託人；(5) 合約的條款可以明示或默示的方式排除委託人起訴的權利及被起訴的法律責任；該合約本身或環繞該合約的情況可顯示該代理人是真正及唯一的委託人（Shenzhen Baoming Ceramics Co Ltd v Companion-China Ltd [2000] 2 HKC 790, 2 HKLRD 288（上訴法庭））：Siu Yin Kwan v Eastern Insurance Co Ltd [1994] 2 AC 199, 1 All ER 213, 1 HKLR 77（樞密院）。作為合約以外的證據的例外情況，凡代理人已訂立合約，則非公開委託人的證據可獲接納以證明真正委託人的身份，致使他有權基於該合約起訴：Shui On Centre Co Ltd v Persons Unknown & Anor [2002] 2 HKC 263。另見 Agency; Agent; Authority; Non-disclosure; Principal; Scope of authority。 |
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