| 单词 | Act of state |
| 释义 | 國家行為 1.A prerogative act of the executive arm of government performed within the territory of the government. An act of state is not subject to judicial investigation by other states. In general, courts will not adjudicate upon the validity of acts or transactions of a foreign sovereign state within that sovereign’s own territory: Nissan v A-G [1967] 2 All ER 1238, 3 WLR 1644; Dubai Bank Ltd v Galadari & Ors The Times 26 June 1990. An act of state does not operate as to prevent a person from defending a libel action: Buttes Gas and Oil Co v Hammer [1982] AC 888 (HL). An act of state can be pleaded as a bar to jurisdiction to an action arising out of acts done outside the dominions of China, including the Hong Kong SAR by a person who has acted under the authorisation of Chinese or Hong Kong SAR government: Buron v Denman (1848) 2 Exch 167. It cannot be pleaded against Hong Kong SAR subjects or friendly aliens as a defence to an action arising out of acts done within the territory of Hong Kong SAR: Johnston v Pedlar [1921] 2 AC 262 (HL), whilst it is available against an alien enemy: R v Bottrill, ex p Kuechenmeister [1947] 1 KB 41. 2. An act performed by a servant of the state in the name of the state in its relations with another state. An act of state includes making a treaty: Salaman v Secretary of State for India [1906] 1 KB 613 (CA); acquiring territory: Cook v Sprigg [1899] AC 572 (PC). The annexation of Hong Kong by England through treaties was therefore an act of state. An act of state is not justiciable in Hong Kong SAR court: Cook v Sprigg, supra; Winfat Enterprise (HK) Co Ltd v A-G of Hong Kong [1985] 1 AC 733 (PC). Whether an act is an act of state is to be determined by the court, though in some cases the court will accept a certificate of the Chief Executive as binding: Basic Law art 19; Act of Garrison Army: Law of the PRC on Garrisoning of the Hong Kong SAR, art 26. See also Alien; Alien enemy; Executive; Treaty. 1.政府的行政部門在政府的領土範圍內履行的特權行為。國家行為不受制於其他國家的司法調查。 概括而言，法庭不會就於外地主權國本身的領土範圍內發生的行為或事務，作出是否有效的判決：Nissan v A-G [1967] 2 All ER 1238, 3 WLR 1644; Dubai Bank Ltd v Galadari & Ors (時報， 1990年6月26日)。 不可以國家行為作為阻止一人就永久形式誹謗的訴訟作出抗辯的理由：Buttes Gas and Oil Co v Hammer [1982] AC 888 (上議院)。可以國家行為作為申辯，以禁止由於在中國領土範圍外作出的行為而產生的訴訟的司法管轄權,包括在香港特別行政區，已按照中國或香港特別行政區政府的授權行事的人：Buron v Denman (1848) 2 Exch 167。 但不可在針對香港特別行政區人民或友好外籍人士的情況下，作為由於在香港特別行政區範圍內作出的行為而產生的訴訟的抗辯：Johnston v Pedlar [1921] 2 AC 262 (上議院)，但可在針對居住在敵國的僑民的情況下，以此提出申辯：R v Bottrill, ex p Kuechenmeister [1947] 1 KB 41。 2. 在與他國的關係中，由國家的受僱人以有關國家的名義履行的行為。國家行為包括訂立條約：Salaman v Secretary of State for India [1906] 1 KB 613 (芵國上訴法院)；取得領土：Cook v Sprigg [1899] AC 572 (樞密院)。芵國藉條約取得香港主權的行為因此屬於國家行為。國家行為不可在香港特別行政區的法院審理：Cook v Sprigg, 見上文；Winfat Enterprise (HK) Co Ltd v A-G of Hong Kong [1985] 1 AC 733 (樞密院)。某行為是否屬於國家行為由法院裁決，但在若干情況下，法院會視由行政長官發出的証明文件為對法院有若約力的文件：《基本法》第19條；駐軍法令：《中國人民共和國香港特別行政區駐軍》第26條。另見 Alien; Alien enemy; Executive; Treaty。 |
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