| 释义 |
投標 1. An offer which is capable of acceptance and forms a binding contract: Croshaw v Pritchard & Renwick (1899) 16 TLR 45. 2. An invitation to many (usually contractors) to tender.
Building and construction - In relation to the formation of a building contract, a process in which competing contractors bid for the same work on the same terms, without knowledge of each other’s bid. Letters asking contractors to tender for work are invitations to treat; it is generally unnecessary for the building owner or employer to state that he does not bind himself to accept the lowest tender: Spencer v Harding (1870) LR 5 CP 561. Where such a letter states that the lowest tender will be accepted (Wincheer Investments Ltd v Lobley Co Ltd [1996] 4 HKC 386) or where the parties have negotiated on that basis, the letter may amount to an offer: Gibson v Manchester City Council [1979] 1 All ER 972, 1 WLR 294 (HL). An invitation to tender may be revoked at any time, and a tender may be withdrawn at any time before acceptance on giving notice to the employer unless the invitation to tender requires the tender to remain in effect for a period of time: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong v Blue Cross (Asia-Pacific) Insurance Ltd [1994] 3 HKC 423. The requirement for the tender to remain in effect may arise expressly or impliedly; as a result there is also an implied obligation to consider all conforming tenders and failure to do so will be a breach of contract: City University of Hong Kong v Blue Cross (Asia-Pacific) Insurance Ltd [2001] HKEC 266, 1 HKC 463. If a tender is rejected, a contractor will generally be unable to claim the costs of preparing the tender from the building owner: Harris v Nickerson (1873) LR 8 QB 286. Where a contractor performs services beyond those necessary for the submission of his tender in the reasonable expectation of payment, the contractor may recover on a quantum meruit basis: Regalian Properties plc v London Dockland Development Corp [1995] 1 All ER 1005. A tender may be required to conform to the conditions of the invitation to tender: for example Streamline Travel Service Pty Ltd v Sydney City Council (1981) 46 LGRA 168, 4 BCL 209. See also Vessel.
Contract - The calling for others to make an offer, usually for the supply or purchase of goods or services. An advertisement for tender is an invitation to treat and is not an offer to sell to the person making the highest tender: Manchester Diocesan Council for Education v Commercial and General Investments Ltd [1969] 3 All ER 1593, [1970] 1 WLR 241. The actual tender amounts to an offer, for example a tender for work and labour (A Davies & Co (Shopfitters) Ltd v William Old Ltd (1969) 67 LGR 395) or a tender for the sale or purchase of goods (R v Demers [1900] AC 103 (PC)). In the usual case, acceptance of such a tender concludes a binding contract: Manchester Diocesan Council for Education v Commercial and General Investments Ltd, supra. A tender which states that the highest (or lowest) tender will be accepted may amount to an offer: Harvela Investments Ltd v Royal Trust Co of Canada (CI) Ltd [1986] AC 207, [1985] 2 All ER 966 (HL). Where the invitation to tender requires the tender to remain in effect for a period of time, it may not be withdrawn before the expiration of this period: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong v Blue Cross (Asia-Pacific) Insurance Ltd [1994] 3 HKC 423. See also Acceptance; Invitation to treat; Offer; Standing offer.
1. 可供承約及成為具約束力合約的要約：Croshaw v Pritchard & Renwick (1899) 16 TLR 45。 2.邀請眾人（通常是承辦商）投標。
建築物及建造 - 就擬訂建築合約而言，指承辦商在不知悉其他承辦商的投標的情況下，基於相同的條款為相同的工程進行競投的競爭過程。請求承辦商為工程進行競投的信件是邀約，建築物擁有人或僱主一般不須聲明他／她對接納最低投標具約束力：Spencer v Harding (1870) LR 5 CP 561。如該等信件聲明會接納最低投標（Wincheer Investments Ltd v Lobley Co Ltd [1996] 4 HKC 386）或如有關的參與人已基於此進行商議，則該等信件等同要約：Gibson v Manchester City Council [1979] 1 All ER 972, 1 WLR 294 (上議院）。可在任何時間撤銷投標邀約，而在承約之前的任何時間可向有關僱主發出通知撤回投標，除非有關的投標邀約規定投標會在某段時期持續有效，則不在此限：City Polytechnic of Hong Kong v Blue Cross (Asia-Pacific) Insurance Ltd [1994] 3 HKC 423。可明示或隱含有關的投標會持續有效的規定；亦有須考慮所有符合資格的投標的隱含責任，而違反此舉等同違約：City University of Hong Kong v Blue Cross (Asia-Pacific) Insurance Ltd [2001] HKEC 266, 1 HKC 463。如某投標被拒絕，則有關的承辦商一般不可就準備向有關建築物擁有人投標的費用，作出申索：Harris v Nickerson (1873) LR 8 QB 286。如某承辦商合理地預期可獲得履行提交其投標所需以外的服務的償付，則有關的承辦商可基於按服務計酬的方法追討： Regalian Properties plc v London Dockland Development Corp [1995] 1 All ER 1005。可規定投標須符合投標邀約的條件：例如Streamline Travel Service Pty Ltd v Sydney City Council (1981) 46 LGRA 168, 4 BCL 209。另見 Vessel。
合約 - 請求他人作出要約，通常以供應或購買貨品或服務為目的。投標邀請的廣告屬邀請要約，不屬向作出最高投標的人的售賣要約：Manchester Diocesan Council for Education v Commercial and General Investments Ltd [1969] 3 All ER 1593, [1970] 1 WLR 241。實際的投標書構成要約，例如有關工作及勞工的投標（A Davies & Co (Shopfitters) Ltd v William Old Ltd (1969) 67 LGR 395）或買賣貨品的投標（R v Demers [1900] AC 103（樞密院））。於一般情況下，接受該等投標締結具約束力的合約：Manchester Diocesan Council for Education v Commercial and General Investments Ltd,見上文。若投標書說明最高（或最低）投標將予以接受，則該投標書可構成要約：Harvela Investments Ltd v Royal Trust Co of Canada (CI) Ltd [1986] AC 207, [1985] 2 All ER 966（上議院）。凡投標邀請要求該投標書於某段時期內一直有效，及於該時期期限屆滿之前不可撤銷：City Polytechnic of Hong Kong v Blue Cross (Asia-Pacific) Insurance Ltd [1994] 3 HKC 423。另見 Acceptance; Invitation to treat; Offer; Standing offer。n. |