| 单词 | Terms and conditions |
| 释义 | 條款及條件 1. Stipulations or provisions in a contract or agreement, which collectively spell out the obligations and liabilities of the parties of the contract. When a stipulation or provision is a ‘condition’ in the technical sense, breach of which if sufficiently serious could go to the root of the contract and ipso facto entitles the other party to treat the contract as at an end: L Schuler AG v Wickman Machine Tool Sales Ltd [1973] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 53 (HL). It is by construing a contract (which can be done as soon as the contract is made) that one decides whether a term is, either expressly or by necessary implication, a condition, and not by considering the gravity of the breach of that term (which cannot be done until the breach is imminent or has occurred): Bunge Corp v Tradax Export SA [1981] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 1 (HL). 2. In the maritime context, the expression ‘term’ refers to the general nature of the contract of carriage, for example, free on board. The expression ‘condition’ refers to the kind of payment such as ‘cash against documents’, ‘letter of credit’ or ‘payment after 30 days’. The name of the ship is not treated as a condition of the contract and a change of name would, therefore, not normally entitle the charterer to withdraw from the contract: Reardon Smith Line Ltd v Hansen-Tangen, The Diana Prosperity [1976] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 621 (HL). Those statements in a charterparty relating to the position of the ship at the date of the charterparty (Bentsen v Taylor Sons & Co (No 2) [1893] 2 QB 274 (CA)) and to her carrying capacity are to be regarded as conditions precedent (Dreyfus (Louis) & Cie v Parnaso Cia Naviera SA, The Dominator [1960] 2 QB 49, 1 All ER 759 (CA)) on the non-fulfilment of which the charterer may treat the contract as repudiated. See also Bill of Lading; Charterparty; Cost insurance freight contract; Free on board. 1. 指合約或協議的規定或條文，條款的整體會拼成立約人的義務及法律責任。無論某規定或條文技術上是否「條件」，如違反該條文足以觸及合約的根本部分，因此事實可使另一方有權視有關的合約終止：L Schuler AG v Wickman Machine Tool Sales Ltd [1973] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 53 (上議院)。憑藉解釋合約(可在合約一旦訂立後作出)，一人可決定某條款是否明文規定或憑籍所需含意而產生的條件，而非憑藉考慮違反該等條款的嚴重性 (直至違反即將形成或已經發生才可)：Bunge Corp v Tradax Export SA [1981] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 1 (上議院)。 2. 就海事法而言，「條款」指運輸合約的一般性質，例如船上交貨。「條件」指例如「交付付款」、「信用證」或「在30天後付款」的付款類別。船的名稱不被視為合約的條件，因而改名通常不會使租船人有權撤銷合約：Reardon Smith Line Ltd v Hansen-Tangen, The Diana Prosperity [1976] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 621 (上議院)。關於船在租船合約日期的位置(Bentsen v Taylor Sons & Co (No 2) [1893] 2 QB 274(英國上訴法院))及其載運量的租船合約的陳述被視為如不履行，則租船人可視有關合約已廢除的先決條件 (Louis Dreyfus et Cie v Parnaso Cia Naviera, The Dominator [1960] 2 QB 49, 1 All ER 759 (英國上訴法院))。另見 Bill of Lading; Charterparty; Cost insurance freight contract; Free on board。 |
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