| 单词 | Wilful misconduct |
| 释义 | 故意的不當行為 Intentional or reckless misbehaviour. Marine Insurance - An intentional act, failure or omission or persistence in such act, failure or omission, with the knowledge and appreciation that it is misconduct in the circumstances, or with reckless carelessness, regardless of the results of such carelessness: The Thomas Cook Group Ltd & Ors v Air Malta Co Ltd (t/a Air Malta) [1997] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 399. For example, intentional or reckless exposure of the subject matter of the insurance to the perils of navigation knowing that it is not in a condition to encounter them. ‘Wilful’ connotes a deliberate flouting of the essential contractual conditions: Laws v London Chronicle [1959] 1 WLR 698. If a shipowner received warning that a blockade had been established at a particular port, and the shipowner deliberately sent his ship forward to that point to run the blockade, an inference may be drawn that he was endeavouring to have his ship captured, and that will be wilful misconduct: Papadimitriou v Henderson (1939) 64 Ll L Rep 345. The insurer is not liable for any loss attributable to the wilful misconduct of the assured, but, unless the policy otherwise provides, he is liable for any loss proximately caused by a peril insured against, even though the loss would not have happened but for the misconduct or negligence of the master or crew: Marine Insurance Ordinance (Cap 329) s 55(2)(a); State of the Netherlands (represented by the Minister of Defence) v Youell and Hayward [1997] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 440. Tort - An act or omission, which is not only negligent but which was known and appreciated as being wrong, and was done regardless of the consequences: Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd & Ors v South African Airways & Ors [1977] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 564. It involves a person knowing and appreciating that he is acting wrongly or wrongfully omitting to act, and yet persisting in so acting or omitting to act regardless of the consequences, or acting or omitting to act with reckless indifference as to what the results may be: Horabin v British Overseas Airways Corp [1952] 2 All ER 1016. The onus of proving misconduct lies on the party alleging it. A series of minor acts of carelessness may be evidence of the state of mind of the person doing them such as to make them wilful misconduct: Horabin v British Overseas Airways Corp, supra. 蓄意的或罔顧後果的不當行為。 海上保險 - 在知悉並意識到在該情況下，該等行為為不當行為，或罔顧後果不小心，不計該不小心的後果故意作為、不履行或不作為，或堅持該等作為、不履行或不作為：The Thomas Cook Group Ltd & Ors v Air Malta Co Ltd (t/a Air Malta) [1997] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 399。例如，明明知悉在該情況下保險標的不會遭受航行嚴重危險，但卻故意或罔顧後果地令保險標的遭受該等嚴重威脅。「故意」意味著故意輕視基要合約條件：Laws v London Chronicle [1959] 1 WLR 698。如船東接報某港口出現已遭封鎖，但仍故意命其船隻開往該港口以偷渡封鎖線，由此推斷該船東正竭力令其船隻遭捕，其行為將構成故意的不當行為：Papadimitriou v Henderson (1939) 64 Ll L Rep 345。保險人對可歸因於受保人的故意失當行為而造成的任何損失不負有法律責任，但除非保單另有規定，否則他對由承保的危險作為近因而造成的任何損失負有法律責任，即使該損失若非因有船長或船員的失當行為或疏忽是不會發生的亦然：《海上保險條例》（第329章）第55(2)(a)條; State of the Netherlands (represented by the Minister of Defence) v Youell and Hayward [1997] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 440。 侵權 - 不僅被視作疏忽，更被認為錯誤及不計後果的作為及不作為：Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd & Ors v South African Airways & Ors [1977] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 564。侵權指某人知悉並意識到其正錯誤行事或不當不作出行事，但仍不計後果堅持如此行事或不作出行事，或罔顧後果行事或不作出行事：Horabin v British Overseas Airways Corp [1952] 2 All ER 1016。不當行為的舉證責任由指稱違反事項的一方承擔。一系列微小的不小心行為，均可能作為如此行事的人的心理證據，從而證明其行為為故意的不當行為：Horabin v British Overseas Airways Corp,見上文。 |
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