| 单词 | Mental state |
| 释义 | 心態 1. In criminal law, a person’s state of mind. The existence of a particular mental state in an offender may be necessary to constitute the requisite mental element for the offence. For example, an intention to cause grievous bodily harm is within the range of mental states capable of sustaining a murder conviction: Lau Cheung & Anor v HKSAR [2002] 3 HKC 146. Also, the requisite mental state for the offence of receiving is knowledge, which must have been present at the time of the receiving: O’Brien v Reitze [1972] WAR 152. There are some mental states, for example automatism or mental disease, which may excuse a person from criminal responsibility, as they impair the ability of individuals to act voluntarily and intentionally and understand the nature of their actions: R v Fung Mui Lee [1996] 1 HKC 72. 2. In a civil action, the plaintiff in an action for misfeasance in public office must establish such mental state of the alleged wrongdoer that he must have acted ‘in the knowledge that his act would probably injure the plaintiff’ and that the officer’s intent or knowledge ‘must be directed at the harm complained of’. The test is a subjective one, with any of the three variants, namely targeted malice, untargeted malice and reckless untargeted malice, being sufficient to found liability: Three Rivers District Council v Governor & Company of the Bank of England (No 3) (2000) 3 All ER 1 (at 752G-754H); Tang Nin Mun v S-J [2000] 2 HKC 749. See also Criminal responsibility; Mens rea. 1. 就刑法而言，指某人的精神心態。犯罪者可能要持有特定的心態，方可構成該罪行的必不可少精神要素。舉例，引起身體嚴重傷害的意圖，乃屬於可維持作出殺人罪行之定罪的心態範圍：Lau Cheung & Anor v HKSAR [2002] 3 HKC 146。還有收受贓物罪的必不可少精神要素為犯罪者是否知道，而且是否在收受時已知道O’Brien v Reitze [1972] WAR 152。還有的其他心態有：無意識行為或精神上的疾病，因為它們減損個人行事的自發性及蓄意性，以及減損行為者明白自己行為之性質的能力，故可寬宥犯罪者的刑事責任：R v Fung Mui Lee [1996] 1 HKC 72。 2. 民事訴訟中，就原告人在擔任公職時的不法行為而進行之法律程序，必須證明被指控之不法行為者其心態是，他在行事時必須「知道他的行為可能會傷害原告人」，而該名公職人員的意圖或計劃直接目標，必須為所申訴的傷害。適用的測試為三個變體的主觀測試，即有目標惡意，沒有目標惡意及罔顧後果惡意，它們的其中之一均可充分設定法律責任：Three Rivers District Council v Governor & Company of the Bank of England (No 3) (2000) 3 All ER 1 (at 752G-754H)；Tang Nin Mun v S-J [2000] 2 HKC 749。另見 Criminal responsibility; Mens rea. |
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