| 单词 | Defect of reason |
| 释义 | 喪失推理能力的缺陷 The inability of an accused person to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or, if he did know it, that he did not know he was doing what was wrong: M’Naghten’s Case (1843) 10 CL & Fin 200. Regard should be given that mere absent mindedness falls short of defect of reason: R v Clarke [1972] 1 All ER 219 (CCA). In order to ground a defence of insanity under the M’Naghten Rules, a defect of reason must stem from a disease of the mind. The criminal law is not concerned with the origin of the disease but with its effect; it matters not whether the defect of reason is due to a degeneration of the brain cells, or to some other form of mental derangement, or to a physical disorder such as arteriosclerosis, which, by cutting off the supply of blood to the brain, impairs the reasoning process. Nor does it matter whether the disease is curable or incurable, temporary or permanent: R v Kemp [1957] 1 QB 399, [1956] 3 All ER 249, 40 Cr App Rep 12 (CCA); R v Sullivan [1984] AC 156, [1983] 2 All ER 673, 77 Cr App Rep 176 (HL) (epileptic seizure was held to be a disease of the mind); R v Hennessy [1989] 2 All ER 9, 89 Cr App Rep 10 (CA) (hyperglycaemia caused by inherent defect and not corrected by insulin is a disease capable of falling within the M‘Naghten Rules); HKSAR v Tang Kwok Wai [2000] 2 HKLRD 744 (CA). See also Disease of the mind; M’Naghten Rules; Person unfit to be tried. 被告人無能力明白他／她正在作出的行為的性質及詳情，如他確已明白，則不知道他的行為是錯誤的：M’Naghten’s Case (1843) 10 CL & Fin 200。須顧及僅僅的心不在焉並不足以構成喪失推理能力的缺陷：R v Clarke [1972] 1 All ER 219 （刑事上訴法院）。為根據M’Naghten的原則確立精神錯亂的抗辯，理性上的缺陷必須源於精神病。刑事法關注的是疾病帶來的影響而非病因，因而喪失推理能力的缺陷是否源於腦細胞退化、或源於其他形式的精神錯亂、或源於身體障礙，例如由於中繼供應血液予腦部而損害推理能力的動脈硬化症，均非關鍵所在。此外，無論有關疾病能否治癒，或是否屬於長期疾病，亦非關鍵所在：R v Kemp [1957] 1 QB 399, [1956] 3 All ER 249, 40 Cr App Rep 12 （刑事上訴法院）；R v Sullivan [1984] AC 156, [1983] 2 All ER 673, 77 Cr App Rep 176 （上議院） （癲癇症發作被法庭裁定為屬於精神病的一種）；R v Hennessy [1989] 2 All ER 9, 89 Cr App Rep 10 （英國上訴法院） （由固有缺陷而並非因為胰島素導致的高血糖病，可屬於M’Naghten原則的範圍之內）；HKSAR v Tang Kwok Wai [2000] 2 HKLRD 744 (上訴法庭)。另見 Disease of the mind; M’Naghten Rules; Person unfit to be tried。 |
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