| 单词 | Undue influence |
| 释义 | 不當影響 Improper or unconscionable use of an ascendancy acquired by one person over another for the benefit of himself or herself or someone else that the acts of the person influenced are not, in the fullest sense of the word, his or her free voluntary acts: Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA v Aboody [1990] 1 QB 923. It is a species of equitable fraud. In a relationship where there is ascendancy or domination by one party over the other, the person in a position of ascendancy or dominance will be presumed to have used that position to obtain an unfair advantage: Barclays Bank plc v O'Brien [1994] 1 AC 180 (HL). In some situations, the nature of the relationship itself raised a presumption of undue influence: examples are solicitor and client, doctor and patient, religious superior and inferior, guardian and ward, trustee and beneficiary, and parent and child. This presumption can be rebutted by evidence to the contrary: Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (No 2) [2001] 3 WLR 1021, [2001] 4 All ER 449 (HL); Bank of China (Hong Kong) Ltd v Wong King Sing [2002] 1 HKC 83. Undue influence has been classified into different classes: (1) actual undue influence, where it is necessary for the claimant to prove affirmatively that the wrongdoer exerted undue influence on the complainant to enter into the particular transaction which is impugned; (2) presumed undue influence, where the complainant only has to show that there was a relationship of trust and confidence that it is fair to presume that the wrongdoer abused that relationship, and there is no need to produce evidence of actual undue influence: Barclays Bank plc v O’Brien, supra. Contract - The unconscientious use by one person of power possessed by him over another in order to induce the other to enter into a contract: Re Lai Yin Shan, ex p Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corp Ltd [2002] 3 HKLRD 500 (CA). If the parties at the time of the transaction or shortly before then were in a particular confidential relationship to each other, for example that of parent and child, or trustee and beneficiary, or solicitor and client, there is a further rule of equity which is that the existence of undue influence over the one party (namely the child, beneficiary or client) will be presumed unless it is shown by the other party that it did not exist; the burden of proving this has not uncommonly been discharged by showing that the transaction appeared fair and that the party who might have been subject to undue influence had competent independent advice: Bank of China (Hong Kong) Ltd v Wong Yuk Ping & Anor [2003] 1 HKLRD 1. See also Actual undue influence; Presumed undue influence; Relationship of influence; Unconscionable contract; Vitiating factor. Legal practitioners - The use of a person’s position as a legal practitioner to his own advantage. Whenever one party occupies or presumes towards another a position naturally involving an ascendancy or influence over the other or a dependence of trust on his or her part (such as in the relationship of solicitor and client) there is a presumption that beneficial title to property of substantial value transferred as a gift to the party in a position of influence was obtained by the exercise of undue influence. The relation of solicitor and client raises so strong a presumption of undue influence that it has been said to be almost impossible for a gift made by a client to a solicitor to stand: Hatch v Hatch (1804) 9 Ves 292. The presumption, however, can be rebutted, in the case of a gift, by proving that the solicitor was not acting as such in the matter of the gift, and that the donor had competent, independent advice of such a nature as to show that the solicitor’s influence was not operative (Wright v Carter [1903] 1 Ch 27 (CA)); and it can be rebutted, in the case of a sale, by showing that the client was fully informed, that he had competent, independent advice, and that the price was fair (Chekiang First Bank v Fong Siu Kin [1997] 2 HKC 302). A barrister must not make use of his position as counsel to his own advantage and if a client, being under the undue influence of counsel, executes a deed in favour of counsel, the deed may be set aside: Corley v Lord Stafford, Campbell v Corley (1857) 1 De G & J 238. If such undue influence exists when the deed is executed, it is immaterial that the relation of counsel and client has ceased: Broun v Kennedy (1864) 4 De G J & Sm 217. See also Conflict of interest; Presumed undue influence; Relationship of influence. Succession - Active coercion to make a will in particular terms with positive proof of coercion overpowering the volition of the testator: Re Ma Shiu-lim, Ma Po-chim v Mar Lok-shan [1992] 2 HKLR 286. A will or part of a will may be set aside as having been obtained by undue influence. The person who affirms the validity of the will must show that there was no force or coercion depriving the testator of his judgment and free action and that what the testator did was what he desired to do; he must also show that the act of the testator in making the will or gift must be inconsistent with any hypothesis but undue influence: Re Ma Shiu-lim, Ma Po-chim v Mar Lok-shan, supra. To constitute undue influence there must be coercion: pressure of whatever character, whether acting on the fears or the hopes, if so exerted as to overpower the volition without convincing the judgment, is a species of restraint under which no valid will can be made: Baudains v Richardson [1906] AC 169 (PC). See also Relationship of influence; Sound disposing mind. 某人不正當或不合情理地向他人使用的其獲得的優勢，使為他／她本人或其他人受益，從全面的意義上說，受影響的人的行為並非他／她自由地作出的自願行為：Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA v Aboody [1900] 1 QB 923。不當影響是其中一類衡平法的欺詐行為。在一段關係中一方對另一方有優勢或控制該另一方，處於優勢或支配地位的該一人會被推定為已使用其地位獲取不公平的利益：Barclays Bank plc v O'Brien [1994] 1 AC 180（英國上議院）。在若干情況下，一段關係本身的性質帶出不當影響的推定：例如律師與當事人、醫生與病人、宗教上的上級與下級、監護人與受監護人、受託人與受益人，及父母與子女。此等推定可藉相反的證據反駁：Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (No 2) [2001] 3 WLR 1021, [2001] 4 All ER 449（上議院）；Bank of China (Hong Kong) Ltd v Wong King Sing [2002] 1 HKC 83。不當影響分為不同類別：(1) 實際的不當影響，即申索人須肯定地證明，違法者曾對投訴人施加不當影響，以訂立受質疑的某個別交易；(2) 推定的不當影響，即投訴人只須證明有信託及保密的關係，可公平地推定該違法者濫用該段關係，投訴人無需提供證據以證明實際的不當影響：Barclays Bank plc v O’Brien, 見上文。 合約 - 某人不忠誠地向另一人行使其擁有的權力，以誘使該另一人訂立合約：Re Lai Yin Shan, ex p Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corp Ltd [2002] 3 HKLRD 500（上訴法庭）。締約方如在交易時或交易不久之前互相處於特別的機密關係，例如父母與子女、受託人與受益人，或律師與當事人，則有進一步的衡平法的規則，即除非該另一方可證明不當影響並不存在，否則會推定對一方（例如子女、受益人或當事人）存有不當影響；舉證責任不曾不尋常地藉下列方法解除：證明交易看來是公平的，並且可能受到不當影響的一方已獲得合適的及獨立不受干擾的意見：Bank of China (Hong Kong) Ltd v Wong Yuk Ping [2003] 1 HKLRD 1。另見 Actual undue influence; Presumed undue influence; Relationship of influence; Unconscionable contract; Vitiating factor。 執業律師 - 某人為本身的利益而利用其法律執業者的身份。每當一方所處的地位或向另一方濫用職權，而該地位或職權本身涉及優勢或對該另一方有影響，或涉及該另一方依賴他／她的信託（例如在律師與當事人的關係中），則會有一推定，指出以饋贈的方式將具重大價值的財產實益業權轉讓予處於具有影響地位的一方，則該財產實益業權是藉行使不當影響而取得的。律師與當事人的關係帶出一個有關不當影響的有力推定，認為由當事人向律師作出的饋贈幾乎是不可能的：Hatch v Hatch (1804) 9 Ves 292。但在饋贈的情況下，藉證明該律師並非為以其律師的身份就該饋贈而行事，及該贈與人獲得合適的及獨立不受干擾的意見，而該意見的性質證明該律師並無施行其影響，則該推定可被推翻（Wright v Carter [1903] 1 Ch 27（芵國上訴法院））；在售賣的情況下，藉證明其當事人已獲詳盡告知；證明他獲得合適的及獨立不受干擾的意見；及證明價錢公平，則該推定可被推翻（Chekiang First Bank v Fong Siu Kin [1997] 2 HKC 302）。大律師不得利用其大律師的身份而令自己得益，如某當事人受大律師的不當影響，簽立契據而使該大律師受惠，則該契據可被宣告無效：Corley v Lord Stafford, Campbell v Corley (1857) 1 De G & J 238。如在簽立契據時存在此等不當影響，則大律師與當事人的關係已終止並非關鍵所在：Broun v Kennedy (1864) 4 De G J & Sm 217。另見 Conflict of interest; Presumed undue influence; Relationship of influence。 繼承 - 主動的威迫，藉此使某遺囑按若干特別條款而訂立，並且有明確證據證明，該威迫壓制立遺囑人本身的意願：Re Ma Shiu-lim, Ma Po-chim v Mar Lok-shan [1992] 2 HKLR 286。某遺囑藉不當影響獲得，則該遺囑或其一部分可被宣告無效。確認遺囑有效的人必須證明，立遺囑人沒有因為武力或威迫而不能作出判斷及自由的行動，及該立遺囑人的作為與他的意欲相符；他亦必須證明該立遺囑人在訂立遺囑或饋贈時的行為，必須與任何假設不相符，除不當影響之外：Re Ma Shiu-lim, Ma Po-chim v Mar Lok-shan, 見上文。威迫是構成不當影響的必要元素：任何性質的壓力（無論是根據恐懼或希望行事），如施加該壓力會壓制某人本身的意願且沒有證明判決不成立，則該壓力是一種限制，在此限制下不可能訂立有效的遺囑：Baudains v Richardson [1906] AC 169（樞密院）。另見 Relationship of influence; Sound disposing mind。 |
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