| 单词 | Variation |
| 释义 | 更改 An amendment to part of an agreement. Contract - An amendment of a contract with the consent of all of the existing parties to the contract which modifies some of the rights or obligations of the parties without amounting to a rescission of the original contract and formation of a new one: Electronic Industries Ltd v David Jones Ltd (1954) 91 CLR 288. A unilateral notification by one party, without any agreement, cannot be a variation (Morris v CH Bailey Ltd [1969] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 215 (CA)), unless the contract provides for such a power in that party (Yeo v Stewart [1947] 2 All ER 28). In modern law, a contract under deed may be varied by written or oral agreement: Berry v Berry [1929] 2 KB 316. Similarly, a contract in writing may be varied by an oral agreement: Goss v Lord Nugent (1833) 5 B & Ad 58. Variation may be by express agreement or may be implied by conduct: Wong Bei-nei v A-G [1973] HKLR 582. Where a contract is varied it operates according to the variation and the original terms cannot be set up by one of the parties against the other. See also Contract; Discharge by agreement; Novation; Partial discharge; Party; Rescission; Variation of rights; Variation of works. Equity - In the context of trusts, a change to the terms of a trust or the beneficial interests arising under it, falling within the meaning of the Variation of Trusts Ordinance (Cap 253). It does not include such an alternation to the whole substratum of the original trust that it becomes a new trust: Re Ball’s Settlement Trusts [1968] 2 All ER 438. Where property is held on trusts arising under any will, settlement or other disposition, the court, if it thinks fit, may by order approve on behalf of any of certain persons any arrangement (by whomsoever proposed, and whether or not there is any other person beneficially interested who is capable of assenting to it) varying all or any of the trusts: Variation of Trusts Ordinance (Cap 253) s 3(1). The variation takes effect as soon as the court order is made without any further instrument (Re Holt’s Settlement, Wilson v Holt [1969] 1 Ch 100, [1968] 1 All ER 470), and the order may be liable to stamp duty. Where the original trust was declared by will or settlement, a note or memorandum of the order should be indorsed on the probate or settlement: Re Rouse’s Will Trusts [1959] 2 All ER 47n, 1 WLR 372. See also Beneficial interest; Breach of trust; Trust; Trustee. 對某協議的一部分作出修訂。 合約 - 指在合約現存的所有立約人的同意下對合約作出的修訂，修改若干立約人的權利或責任，但不導致原本合約被撤銷及新合約的訂立：Electronic Industries Ltd v David Jones Ltd (1954) 91 CLR 288。在沒有任何協議的情況下，一方作出的單方面通知不可構成更改（Morris v CH Bailey Ltd [1969] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 215 （芵國上訴法院）），除非合約賦予該方此等權力，則不在此限（Yeo v Stewart [1947] 2 All ER 28）。在現代法上，可藉書面或口頭協議更改契據下的合約：Berry v Berry [1929] 2 KB 316。同樣地，可藉口頭協議更改書面合約：Goss v Lord Nugent (1833) 5 B & Ad 58。可藉明示協議或藉行為默示更改：Wong Bei-nei v A-G [1973] HKLR 582。如合約已被更改，則會按照更改而施行，而其中一方不可確立原本的條款以針對另一方。另見 Contract; Discharge by agreement; Novation; Partial discharge; Party; Rescission; Variation of rights; Variation of works。 衡平法 - 就信託而言，根據《更改信託條例》（第253章）的涵義，對信託條款或據此而產生的實益權益作出的更改。但不包括更改原本信託的整體基礎而使其成為新的信託：Re Ball’s Settlement Trusts [1968] 2 All ER 438。凡財產以根據任何遺囑、授產安排或其他產權處置所產生的信託方式持有，則法院如認為適當，可藉命令代表任何確定的人，批准更改所有或任何該等信託的安排（不論該等安排是由誰人建議，亦不論是否有其他享有實益權益，並能允許該等安排的人）：《更改信託條例》（第253章）第 3(1)條。一俟法庭在沒有任何進一步文書的情況下作出命令，更改隨即生效（Re Holt’s Settlement, Wilson v Holt [1969] 1 Ch 100, [1968] 1 All ER 470），而該命令可產生印花稅的法律責任。如原本的信託是藉遺囑或授產安排作出聲明，則應在遺囑認證或授產安排上註明有關該命令的記錄或備忘錄（Re Rouse’s Will Trusts [1959] 2 All ER 47n, 1 WLR 372）。另見 Beneficial interest; Breach of trust; Trust; Trustee。 n. |
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