| 单词 | Waiver |
| 释义 | 免除／寬免 An intentional relinquishment, forgoing or abandonment of a right or interest. Waiver can describe an election or an estoppel. See also Election; Estoppel. Bills of exchange - 1. An act of the holder dispensing with his rights against the acceptor or any parties to a bill. When the holder of a bill at or after its maturity absolutely and unconditionally renounces his rights against the acceptor, the bill is discharged: Bills of Exchange Ordinance (Cap 19) s 62(1). The renunciation must be in writing (Rimalt v Cartwright (1924) 93 LJKB 823 (CA)), unless the bill is delivered up to the acceptor: s 62(1). The liabilities of any party to a bill may in like manner be renounced by the holder before, at, or after its maturity; but nothing in this section shall affect the rights of a holder in due course without notice of the renunciation: s 62(2). 2. An express stipulation written on a cheque by its drawer or indorser dispensing with, as against the drawer or indorser, the right of presentment of a cheque: Bills of Exchange Ordinance (Cap 19) s 46(2)(e); Barclays Bank plc v Bank of England [1985] 1 All ER 385. See also Bill of exchange; Cheque; Drawer; Holder; Indorser; Presentment. Contract - 1. The process whereby one party voluntarily grants a concession to the other party by not insisting upon the precise mode of performance provided for in the contract, whether before or after any breach of the term waived: Banning v Wright (Inspector of Taxes) [1972] 2 All ER 987, 1 WLR 972 (HL). Waiver may be express or implied from conduct, but in either case it must amount to an unambiguous representation arising as the result of a positive and intentional act done by the party granting the concession with knowledge of all the material circumstances: Glencore Grain Rotterdam BV v Lebanese Organisation for International Commerce [1997] 4 All ER 514, 2 Lloyd’s Rep 386 (CA). 2. An estoppel, by which a party is, by words, or conduct, disentitled to enforce a right conferred by a contract: Finagrain SA Geneva v Kruse [1976] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 508. An estoppel, capable of being described as waiver, also occurs where positive rights are established by acquiescence or proprietary estoppel. See also Abandonment; Acquiescence; Affirmation; Discharge; Election; Estoppel; Proprietary estoppel. Tort - 1. Abandonment of a right, and thus a defence against its subsequent enforcement: Halsbury’s Laws of Hong Kong, Vol 25, Tort [380.088]. Waiver may be express or, where there is knowledge of the right, may be implied from conduct which is inconsistent with the continuance of the right: Plasticmoda Societa per Azioni v Davidsons (Manchester) Ltd [1952] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 527 (CA). A deliberate election not to insist on full rights, although made without first obtaining full disclosure of material facts, and to come to a settlement on that basis, will be binding: Law v Law [1905] 1 Ch 140 (CA). 2. The legal grounds on which a person is precluded from asserting one legal right when he or she is entitled to alternative rights inconsistent with each other. For example, where a plaintiff chooses not to exercise a right to forfeit a lease or rescind a contract of sale for wrongful repudiation or breach of condition, he or she may be said to have waived that right and date: Kammins Ballrooms Co Ltd v Zenith Investments (Torquay) Ltd [1971] AC 850, [1970] 2 All ER 871. 3. A legal ground on which a person is precluded from raising a particular defence to a claim against him or her. Where a defendant expressly or impliedly abandons a defence open to him or her, he or she will not later be permitted to rely on it: Plasticmoda Societa per Azioni v Davidsons (Manchester) Ltd, supra. See also Election; Estoppel; Repudiation; Waiver of tort. 蓄意放棄、棄絕或遺棄某權利或權益。「免除／寬免」可用以形容選舉或不容反悔。另見 Election; Estoppel。 匯票 - 1. 持有人免除相對於承兌人或匯票的任何一方而言的權利這行為。如任何匯票的持有人在該匯票的到期日或之後，絕對而無條件地放棄他對承兌人的權利，該匯票的付款責任即獲解除：《匯票條例》（第19章）第62(1)條。該項放棄必須以書面作出（Rimalt v Cartwright (1924) 93 LJKB 823（英國上訴法院）），除非承兌人已獲交出該匯票（第62(1)條）。匯票持有人可在匯票到期日、之前或之後，以同樣方式放棄其權利，以解除匯票任何一方對匯票的法律責任；但對於不知悉該項放棄的當期持有人，本條並不影響其權利：（第62(2)條）。2.出票人或背書人在支票上明文規定，豁免相對於該出票人或背書人而言的出示支票的權利：《匯票條例》（第19章）第46(2)(e)條；Barclays Bank plc v Bank of England [1985] 1 All ER 385。另見 Bill of exchange; Cheque; Drawer; Holder; Indorser; Presentment。 合約 - 1.某一方藉不堅持以合約中訂定的確實形式履行合約，自願向另一方給予特許的過程，不論是在任何違反被免除的條款之前或之後：Banning v Wright (Inspector of Taxes) [1972] 2 All ER 987, 1 WLR 972（上議院）。免除可以是明訂的或以行為默示，但於任何情況下，必須構成不含糊陳述，該 陳述是由給予特許的一方在知悉所有關鍵性情況而作出明確及故意的行為所產生：Glencore Grain Rotterdam BV v Lebanese Organisation for International Commerce [1997] 4 All ER 514, 2 Lloyd’s Rep 386（英國上訴法院）。 2. 由一方以文字或行為作出，喪失強制執行合約賦予的權利的不容反悔原則：Finagrain SA Geneva v Kruse [1976] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 508。能被稱為寬免的不容反悔原則，當默許或所有權上的不容反悔原則確立明確的權利時亦會產生。另見 Abandonment; Acquiescence; Affirmation; Discharge; Election; Estoppel; Proprietary estoppel。 侵權 - 1.放棄權利，及因此作為針對日後的強制履行的抗辯：Halsbury’s Laws of Hong Kong, 第25冊，侵權，第[380.088]段。免除可以是明訂的，或當已知悉該權利時，以與延續該權利不相符的行為默示：Plasticmoda Societa per Azioni v Davidsons (Manchester) Ltd [1952] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 527（英國上訴法院）。故意選擇不堅持所有權利，縱使是在未有先獲得事關重要的事實的全面披露時作出選擇，及故意選擇據此而將作出交收，將具有法律約束力：Law v Law [1905] 1 Ch 140（英國上訴法院）。 2.一個法律理由，據此當某人享有另一互相矛盾的權利時，則不能主張某一權利。舉例說，凡原告人因不當地廢除合約或違反條件，而選擇不行使沒收租約或撤銷買賣合約的權利，則他或她可被稱為已放棄該權利及日期：Kammins Ballrooms Co Ltd v Zenith Investments (Torquay) Ltd [1971] AC 850, [1970] 2 All ER 871。 3.一個法律理由，據此某人不能就某項針對他或她的申索而提出某特定的抗辯。凡被告人以明示或默示方式放棄他或她可享有的抗辯，則他或她期後將不准依賴該抗辯：Plasticmoda Societa per Azioni v Davidsons (Manchester) Ltd, 見上文。另見 Election; Estoppel; Repudiation; Waiver of tort。n. |
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