| 单词 | Commission |
| 释义 | 傭金 1. Remuneration, recompense, compensation or reward payable for work or services rendered. 2. An order or authority to do an act or exercise powers; eg the appointment, powers and functions granted to a Commissioner to investigate complaints concerning administrative action on behalf of the Government or public authorities: Commissioner for Administrative Complaints Ordinance (Cap 397). Agency - An agent’s right to remunerate derives from contract: Reeve v Reeve (1858) 1 F&F 280. A necessary condition for such remuneration is normally based on the introduction by the agent of the third party to the principal upon the basis of the solicitation of the latter: Mansell v Clements (1874) LR 9 CP 139; Toulmin v Millar (1887) 12 AC 746. If not expressly agreed upon, remuneration payable to the agent may be implied. A commission is also payable to the del credere agent (‘guaranty’ or ‘warranty’) who agrees to indemnify the principal if the third party defaults in payment under the contract. The commission may be calculated as a percentage of the price or value of the business. Also referred to as ‘brokerage’ or a ‘brokerage fee’. See also Agent; Commission agent; Contract; Principal; Remuneration. Corporations - A company may pay a commission or brokerage for a placement or underwriting of its shares; the amount payable is restricted by statute or by the company’s articles of association: Companies Ordinance (Cap 32) s 46. See also Broker. Equity - Remuneration or compensation payable to a trustee or personal representation in which an individual or company holds property or rights on behalf of another for some particular purpose. Trustees must generally act gratuitously in the discharge of their obligations to the beneficiary and as such they are not entitled to remuneration: Re Perry (deceased), Perry and Ezra v Perry and Anglo-Jewish Assn [1950] 25 HKLR 1. It is a relatively inflexible rule of the courts that persons with a fiduciary duty are precluded from deriving any pecuniary benefit from their office: Crosskill v Bower (1863) 32 Beav 86. Solicitors acting as trustees are similarly precluded, failing a special clause in a will which entitles them to remuneration: Re Worthington, ex p Leighton v MacLeod [1954] 1 All ER 677, 1 WLR 526. Although the courts may exercise their jurisdiction in granting remuneration to trustees, this discretion is exercised sparingly and only in exceptional cases: Re Worthington, ex p Leighton v MacLeod, supra. Hence, remuneration is possible if such provisions have been expressly made in the trust instrument or by an express order of the court. Expenses paid out or incurred by trustees in due performance of their duties are to be reimbursed or indemnified; failing that, such expenses constitute a first charge against the estate: A-G v Norwich Corp (1837) 2 My & Cr 406. The general principle that solicitors are not to be reimbursed for their time and trouble, including court appearances related to their obligations, whether as plaintiff or defendant has an exception: Re Barker, Burgess v Vinicom (1886) 34 Ch D 77; when solicitors so act in proceedings, hostile or otherwise, either on their own behalf, or on behalf of co-representatives, they are not precluded from receiving appropriate costs provided they have not themselves added to the expenses which might have been incurred if they had appeared only for them: Cradock v Piper (1850) 1 Mac & G 664; Re Doody, Fisher v Doody [1893] 1 Ch 129 (CA). See also Cradock v Piper, rule in; Illicit commission; Secret profits; Trust; Trustee. Legal practitioners - Remuneration to solicitors based upon the monetary value of the matter in issue or the result obtained therein as distinct from the actual work performed or by a ‘scale charge’ established for the profession; eg the Solicitor (General) Costs Rules and subsidiary Practice Directions and Rules under the Legal Practitioners Ordinance (Cap 159). The contingent (or contingency) fee, whereby no fee is charged unless the suit is successful or settled out of court, is generally discouraged in Hong Kong and other common law jurisdictions as being contrary to the doctrine of champerty and maintenance. In practical terms the contingent fee can yield charges which are usually higher than the lawyer would normally charge viz a predetermined percentage of the money recovered in a particular action, the calculation of which is based upon the risk involved by the practitioner. The doctrine has been abolished in some jurisdictions, eg the (NSW) Maintenance and Champerty Abolition Act 1993). In non-contentious matters (being business connected with a conveyancing transaction) an agreement between the client and the practitioner may provide for the latter’s remuneration being established as a gross sum, or by a commission or percentage or by salary or otherwise: Legal Practitioners Ordinance (Cap 159) s 56. The contingent fee may constitute professional misconduct on the part of the legal practitioner but it has been argued that it is less a criminal act or misconduct than a defence to a legal action based on the recovery of the fee: Perkins RM and Boyce RN Criminal Law 585 (3rd Ed, 1982). See also Champerty; Contingent fee; Costs; Scale of costs. Succession - Remuneration of an executor acting on behalf of the estate of a deceased. It is not available as of right at common law and will therefore depend largely on provisions for such being in the will appointing the executor or at the court’s discretion. The general principle is strict; for example, a Hong Kong personal representative in an estate was not compensated for time and trouble expended in transactions involving real estate: Re Northcote’s Will Trusts, Northcote v Northcote [1949] 1 All ER 442, and commissions claimed for collecting rents were not allowed: Nicholson v Tutin (No 2) (1957) 4 D & J 159, as were commissions received on the introduction of business connected with the estate: Vipont v Butler [1893] WN 64. Solicitors are probably the most common example of the professional executor although other statutory jurisdiction to allow remuneration of ‘executors’: Probate and Administration Ordinance (Cap 10) ss 2, 60(1). Similar discretionary powers exist to grant remuneration to personal representatives who are judicial trustees: Trustee Ordinance (Cap 29) s 63(5); Re Ratcliff [1898] 2 Ch 352; and upon the grant of letters of administration to a trust company: Trustee Ordinance (Cap 29) s 43; Re Young (1934) 103 LJP. See also Executor. 1. 報酬、償還、賠償或就所做的工作、提供的服務而應繳付的報酬。 2. 作出某作為或行使權力的命令、權力；例如，授予某專員的委任、權力及職能，使其能代表政府或公共權力機關，調查對有關行政行動的申訴：《申訴專員條例》（第397章）。 代理 - 法 代理人自合約中取得報酬的權利：Reeve v Reeve (1858) 1 F&F 280。報酬的必需條件一般基於，該代理人因應委托人的請求，向該委托人介紹第三者：Mansell v Clements (1874) LR 9 CP 139; Toulmin v Millar (1887) 12 AC 746。在沒有明示同意的情形下，繳付代理人的報酬可以是隱含的。擔保買方支付能力的代理人，同意對委托人就第三者拖欠按合約應支付的款項作出彌償，委托人亦應支付該代理人傭金。傭金可以交易的貨價或價值的比率計算。傭金亦稱為經紀費或經紀酬金。另見 Agent; Commission agent; Contract; Principal; Remuneration。 法團 - 一間公司為股份的募集或承銷可支付傭金或經紀費；可支付的款額受立法或組織章程細則的限制：《公司條例》（第32章）第46條。另見 Broker。 衡平法 - 應支付受托人或遺產代理人的報酬或賠償，即個人或公司就特定目的代表另一人持有財產、權利。受托人一般須無償地向受益人履行責任，故此他們無權享有報酬：Re Perry (deceased), Perry and Ezra v Perry and Anglo-Jewish Assn [1950] 25 HKLR 1。這是法院一項相對地不容變更的規則，即負有誠信責任的人不能藉其職位取得任何金錢福利：Crosskill v Bower (1863) 32 Beav 86。如果沒特殊條文，賦予擔任受託人一職的律師收取報酬的權利，他亦同樣不能取得任何金錢福利：Re Worthington, ex p Leighton v MacLeod [1954] 1 All ER 677, 1 WLR 526。雖然法院可行使其管轄權，給予受托人報酬，但這個酌情決定權並不經常行使，而只有在异常的案件中行使：Re Worthington, ex p Leighton v MacLeod, 見上文。因此，如信托文書上有明示的條文或法院發出明示法令，報酬是可能的。在適當履行責任時所招致的開支，受托人可獲得償付或彌償；如未獲得償付或彌償，該開支會構成對遺產的第一押記：A-G v Norwich Corp (1837) 2 My & Cr 406。律師為履行有關的責任，包括以原告人或被告人的身份出庭，所耗用的時間及所費的力，不會獲得償付的這個一般原則有一個例外：Re Barker, Burgess v Vinicom (1886) 34 Ch D 77；在不論是否敵對的訴訟程序中行事的律師，不管是代表自己或是代表其共同代表，假如他們自己並無加重開支，即沒有假若他們僅代表自己出庭以外的開支，他們便可收取適當的律師費用：Cradock v Piper (1850) 1 Mac & G 664; Re Doody, Fisher v Doody [1893] 1 Ch 129（英國上訴法院）。另見 Cradock v Piper, rule in; Illicit commission; Secret profits; Trust; Trustee。 執業律師 - 基於爭論事宜的金錢價值，或就爭論事宜取得的成果而付給律師的酬金，即有別於按實際完成的工作或按律師專業訂立的事務費表所收取的事務費：《律師（一般）事務費規則》及附屬《法律執業者條例》（第159章）的《律師執業規則》。或有律師費，即除非訟案成功或達成庭外和解否則不收費，這種做法有違助訟行為及助訟罪原則，故一般在香港及其他司法管轄區是不容許的。從實際收費考慮，或有律師費一般帶來較律師通常收取的費用為高，後者為就特定訴訟追討回的款項，按預先決定的比率收取的費用，而比率的大小乃基於執業者所涉的風險而定。助訟行為及助訟罪原則在某些司法管轄區已被取消， 例如《（新西蘭）取消助訟行為及助訟罪法》。有關非爭訟事誼（與物業轉易交易有關的業務），法律執業者與客戶之間的協議可規定律師的酬金以一筆總款額、傭金、百分比、薪金或其他方式支付：《法律執業者條例》（第159章）第56條。收取或有律師費可構成法律執業者的專業行為不當，但曾有主張認為，收取或有律師費，就追討收費的法律行動之抗辯相對來說，是較輕微的犯罪行為或不當行為：Perkins RM and Boyce RN Criminal Law 585（第3版，1982年）。另見 Champerty; Contingent fee; Costs; Scale of costs。 繼承法 - 代表已故者遺產的遺囑執行人之報酬。在普通法下，這並非執行人的應有權利，而是取決於委任該執行人的遺囑上，有沒有作出這樣的規定，或取決於法院的酌情決定權。該一般原則是嚴格的；例如，一個香港的遺產代理人，在不動產交易中所耗的時間及所費的力，不會獲得賠償：Re Northcote’s Will Trusts, Northcote v Northcote [1949] 1 All ER 442；就收取租金而要求的傭金也不會被允許：Nicholson v Tutin (No 2) (1957) 4 D & J 159，介紹與遺產有關的生意而獲取的傭金亦然：Vipont v Butler [1893] WN 64。律師可能是專業遺囑執行人的最普遍的例子，雖然其他法定管轄範圍是允許「執行人」收取報酬的：《遺囑認證及遺產管理條例》（第10章）第2、60(1)條。也有類似的酌情決定權給予作為司法受托人的遺囑代理人報酬：《受託人條例》（第29章）第63(5)條；Re Ratcliff [1898] 2 Ch 352；和給予已授予遺產管理書的信托公司報酬：《受託人條例》（第29章）第43；Re Young (1934) 103 LJP。另見 Executor。n. |
| 随便看 |
|
法律词典收录了8080条英汉双解法律词条，基本涵盖了常用法律英语单词及短语词组的翻译及用法，是法律学习的有利工具。