| 单词 | Nominal damages |
| 释义 | 象徵式損害賠償 An award of damages to indicate the infraction of a legal right where the plaintiff proves no more than the defendant’s breach: The Mediana [1900] AC 113 (HL). ‘Nominal damages’ is an expression used in contradistinction to substantial damages, and does not mean small. A plaintiff who proves loss or damage is entitled to recover substantial damages. A plaintiff is entitled to ‘nominal damages’ where: (1) his rights have been infringed, but he has not in fact sustained any actual damage from the infringement (The Albazero [1977] AC 774), or he fails to prove that he has (Born Chief Co v Tsai George [1996] 2 HKC 282); or (2) although he has sustained actual damage, the damage arises not from the defendant’s wrongful act (Hiort v London and North Western Rly Co (1879) 4 Ex D 188 (CA)) but from the conduct of the plaintiff himself (Weld-Blundell v Stephens [1920] AC 956 (HL)); or (3) the plaintiff is not concerned to raise the question of actual loss (Marzetti v Williams (1830) 1 B & Ad 415), but brings his action simply with the view of establishing his right (The Mediana, supra). Such damages may be awarded in actions for breach of contract (World Realty Ltd v Kwan Ngar Yin [1987] 3 HKC 148) or in respect of torts which are actionable per se (Brandeis Goldschmidt & Co Ltd v Western Transport Ltd [1981] QB 864, [1982] 1 All ER 28, (CA)). See also Breach of contract; Damages; Exemplary damages; Special damages; Substantial damages. 表明法律權利被違反的損害賠償判給，即除被告人違反之事實外，原告人不能證明任何其他東西：The Mediana [1900] AC 113 (上議院)。「象徵式損害賠償」乃用以對照實質損害賠償相反，它並非少的意思。原告人證明損失或損害者有權追討實質損害賠償。原告人在下述情形有權追討「象徵式損害賠償」：(1)他的權利被侵，但他事實上並沒有因該侵權而遭受任何實際損害 (The Albazero [1977] AC 774)，或他不能證明他有遭受任何實際損害 (Born Chief Co v Tsai George [1996] 2 HKC 282)；或 (2)儘管他有遭受實際損害，但損害並非因被告人的錯失 (Hiort v London and North Western Rly Co (1879) 4 Ex D 188 (上訴法院)) 而是因原告人自己的行為 (Weld-Blundell v Stephens [1920] AC 956 (上議院)) ；或 (3)原告人對提出實際損失的問題並不感興趣 (Marzetti v Williams (1830) 1 B & Ad 415) ，他只想藉提起訴訟以確立自己的權利 (The Mediana, 見上文)。這類的損害賠償可在違約訴訟中作出判給 (World Realty Ltd v Kwan Ngar Yin [1987] 3 HKC 148) 或本身就可提出起訴的侵權上 (Brandeis Goldschmidt & Co Ltd v Western Transport Ltd [1981] QB 864, [1982] 1 All ER 28, (芵國上訴院))。另見 Breach of contract; Damages; Exemplary damages; Special damages; Substantial damages。 |
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