| 单词 | Constructive knowledge |
| 释义 | 法律構定的知悉 The notice, amounting to knowledge, imputed to a person by a court in circumstances where the presumption of knowledge is so strong that it is not allowed to be rebutted: Hewitt v Loosemore (1851) 9 Hare 449, 68 ER 586. Constructive knowledge may be imputed where a person wilfully shuts his or her eyes to the obvious (‘Nelsonian knowledge’), wilfully and recklessly fails to make such inquiries as an honest and reasonable person would make, has knowledge of circumstances which would indicate the facts to an honest and reasonable person, or has knowledge of circumstances which would put an honest and reasonable person on inquiry: Baden v Société Général pour Favoriser le Developpement de Commerce et de L’Industrie en France SA [1992] 4 All ER 161, [1993] 1 WLR 509. The test of constructive knowledge is principally objective, but the court in determining whether a person has constructive knowledge of a certain matter must have regard to the attributes of that person: International Sales & Agencies v Marcus [1982] 3 All ER 551. A company could be held to be have constructive knowledge by virtue of the knowledge of an employee if the employee was a de facto controlling mind of the company: El Ajou v Dollor Land Holdings plc [1994] 2 All ER 685 (CA). In personal injuries action, a person will be found to have constructive knowledge of the relevant facts, if he might reasonably have been expected to acquire from facts observable or ascertainable by him; or from facts ascertainable by him with the help of medical or other appropriate expert advice which it is reasonable for him to seek: Limitation Ordinance (Cap 347) s 27(8). The individual character and intelligence of the plaintiff is not relevant in considering whether the plaintiff had constructive knowledge: Nash v Eli Lilly & Co, Berger v Eli Lilly & Co [1993] 4 All ER 383, 1 WLR 782 (CA). See also Constructive notice; Imputed knowledge; Imputed notice; Knowledge; Notice. 當知悉的推定是強而有力至不可被推翻時，由法院歸於某人、並相當於知悉的通知：Hewitt v Loosemore (1851) 9 Hare 449, 68 ER 586。在下列情況中，法律構定的知悉可被歸於該人士：某人故意地排斥明顯的知悉（即「Nelsonian 知悉」）；故意地及罔顧後果地不作凡誠實合理的人都會作的查詢；對會向誠實合理的人顯示事實的情況知悉；或對會令誠實合理的人作查詢的情況知悉：Baden v Société Général pour Favoriser le Developpement de Commerce et de L’Industrie en France SA [1992] 4 All ER 161, [1993] 1 WLR 509。法律構定的知悉的準則是完全客觀的，但法院就裁定某人士是否對某特定事項有法律構定的知悉時，必須考慮該人士的特性：International Sales & Agencies v Marcus [1982] 3 All ER 551。如某僱員事實上是操控公司，則該公司因該僱員的知悉而可被判有法律構定的知悉：El Ajou v Dollor Land Holdings plc [1994] 2 All ER 685（英國上訴法院）。就人身傷害的訴訟，如某人士可被合理地預期從他/她可觀察或確定的事實中，或從他／她透過其合理地應尋求的醫學或其他適當專家意見的協助而可確定的事實，從而獲知有關事實，則會被裁定對有關事實有法律構定的知悉：《時限條例》(第347章)第27條第8款。就原告人是否有法律構定的知悉，其個別品格及智慧是無關的：Nash v Eli Lilly & Co, Berger v Eli Lilly & Co [1993] 4 All ER 383, 1 WLR 782（英國上訴法院）。另見 Constructive notice; Imputed knowledge; Imputed notice; Knowledge; Notice。 |
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