| 单词 | Covenant |
| 释义 | 契諾 OF – covenir – to agree. 1. A formal agreement or promise in a deed or under seal: Russell v Watts (1885) 10 AC 590. Express words of covenant or agreement are not necessary, but the parties’ intention to create a covenant must be clear: Courtney v Taylor (1843) 6 Man & G 851, 134 ER 1135. It must be clear that the words are not merely conditions or qualifications: Wolveridge v Steward (1833) 1 Cr & M 644, 149 ER 557. 2. Used loosely, an agreement or promise (without a deed or seal): Hayne v Cummings (1864) 16 CBNS 421, 143 ER 1191. Generally, an implied covenant has the same legal effect as if it had been expressly included in the instrument: Williams v Burrell (1845) 1 CB 402, 135 ER 596. 3. Used loosely, a condition or term in an assignment. Contract - In relation to a loan agreement, a promise; anything that forms a material provision of an agreement. Although the word ‘covenant’ strictly refers only to a promise under seal, in general legal parlance it is used to denote any promise, whether contained in a deed or not: David Securities Pty Ltd v Commonwealth Bank of Australia (1992) 109 ALR 57. Real property - An obligation that directly relates to the land. This may be by agreement or by law. It may burden or favour the landowner. For example, a covenant that the landlord repair a common fence places a burden on the landlord (the covenantor) and gives a benefit to the neighbour (the covenantee): Conveyancing and Property Ordinance (Cap. 219) ss 39, 40. Failure to perform covenant obligations may result to an action in damages or for specific performance. See also Agreement; Condition; Covenant for title; Covenantor; Deed; Instrument under seal; Lease covenant; Positive covenant; Promise; Qualified covenant; Restrictive covenant; Term; Touch and concern. 古代法語 – covenir – 應允。1. 正式的協議、契據下的或經蓋章的承諾：Russell v Watts (1885) 10 AC 590。契諾、協議不需要有明確的文字，但契諾各方的意願必須清晰：Courtney v Taylor (1843) 6 Man & G 851, 134 ER 1135。文字並必須清楚表明它不僅僅是條件或約制：Wolveridge v Steward (1833) 1 Cr & M 644, 149 ER 557。2. 不精確的使用，即協議或承諾（沒有契據、沒有蓋上印章的）：Hayne v Cummings (1864) 16 CBNS 421, 143 ER 1191。一般來說，隱含契諾的法定效力就如契諾是明示在文書上一樣：Williams v Burrell (1845) 1 CB 402, 135 ER 596。3. 不精確的使用，指轉讓書上的條件或條款。 合約法 - 涉及借貸協議時，指承諾；構成協議中的任何關鍵性條文。雖然「契諾」一詞僅狹義指經蓋章的承諾，但一般的法律用語，「契諾」代表承諾，不論它是否包含在契據中：David Securities Pty Ltd v Commonwealth Bank of Australia (1992) 109 ALR 57。 不動產法 - 直接與土地有關的義務；可以經由協議或法律產生。它可惠及土地所有人，也可成為土地所有人的負擔。例如，業主修理共有柵欄的契諾，會把負擔置於業主（契諾承諾人）而賦予其鄰居利益（契諾受益人）：《物業轉易及財產條例》（第219章）第39、40條。不履行契諾可能引致損害賠償或強制履行的訴訟行動。另見 Agreement; Condition; Covenant for title; Covenantor; Deed; Instrument under seal; Lease covenant; Positive covenant; Promise; Qualified covenant; Restrictive covenant; Term; Touch and concern.n. |
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