| 单词 | Uncertainty |
| 释义 | 不確定性 Vague, ambiguous or of doubtful meaning. Contract - In a contract, deed, or other instrument where there is such internal inconsistency or omission that the court is unable to attribute to it a sufficiently clear and precise meaning in order to identify the scope of the rights and obligations to which the parties agreed. If the terms of an agreement are so vague or indefinite that it cannot be ascertained with reasonable certainty what is the intention of the parties, there is no contract enforceable at law: William Co v Chu Kong Agency Co Ltd [1995] 2 HKLR 139, [1993] 2 HKC 377. The court is reluctant to hold an instrument void for uncertainty unless it is utterly impossible to put a meaning upon it: Brown v Gould [1972] Ch 53. In construing an agreement, a court should not hold a provision to be void for uncertainty unless it cannot resolve the ambiguity which it is said to contain: Smith v Morgan [1971] 2 All ER 1500, 1 WLR 803. The degree of uncertainty in an agreement is a factor which may go to the question of whether or not the parties intend to create legal relations: Jones v Padavatton [1969] 2 All ER 616, 1 WLR 328 (CA). Vague phrases can be interpreted according to reasonableness and trade usage: Ashburn Anstalt v Arnold [1989] Ch 1. See also Building contract; Construction; Void. Succession - In the interpretation of wills, the inability of the court of construction to ascertain the meaning of words used in a will after applying the appropriate rules and principles of construction, with the result that the particular testamentary disposition will fail as being void for uncertainty. In wills, uncertainty may be as to the actual subject matter of the gift or the identity of the beneficiary referred to in the will. The absurd or irrational nature of a disposition clearly expressed, or the difficulties in interpreting a disposition ambiguously expressed, are not enough to render the disposition void for uncertainty; to be void for this reason, it must be utterly impossible to put a meaning upon it: Re Roberts, Repington v Roberts-Gawen (1881) 19 Ch D 520 (CA). The court has always been reluctant to hold a gift void for uncertainty, and has always adopted the benevolent rule that if there is ever so little reason in favour of one construction of an ambiguous gift more than another, the adoption of the construction favoured is at least nearer the testator’s intention than that the whole disposition should be void and the persons entitled on an intestacy let in: Doe d Winter v Perratt (1843) 6 Man & G 314 (HL). In such cases extrinsic evidence has always been admitted to elucidate the testator’s meaning, but in so far as any part of the will of a testator who dies on or after 3 November 1995 is meaningless, such extrinsic evidence may include evidence of the testator’s intention: Wills Ordinance (Cap 30) s 23B. See also Lapse of gift. 不清楚的、含糊的或帶有不肯定的涵義。 合約 - 在某合約、契據或其他文書內文中有抵觸之處或遺漏之處，而法庭未能對此給予充分清楚且確切的涵義，以辨識締約方之間議定的權利及義務的範疇。如某協議的條款含糊或不確切，以致不可以合理的確切性確定締約方的意圖，則在法律上沒有可強制執行的合約：William Co v Chu Kong Agency Co Ltd [1995] 2 HKLR 139, [1993] 2 HKC 377。法庭不願因不能被確定而裁定某文書屬無效，除非完全不可能對該文書作出適當的詮釋：Brown v Gould [1972] Ch 53。法庭在詮釋某協議時，不應因不能被確定而裁定某條文屬無效，除非法庭不可詮釋指稱存有的含糊之處：Smith v Morgan [1971] 2 All ER 1500, 1 WLR 803。協議的不確性程度是個因素，可追索到締約方是否有意圖訂立法律關係這問題上：Jones v Padavatton [1969] 2 All ER 616, 1 WLR 328（芵國上訴法院）。可按照合理性及行業慣例詮釋含糊的用語：Ashburn Anstalt v Arnold [1989] Ch 1。另見 Building contract; Construction; Void。 繼承 - 就遺囑的釋義而言，負責釋義的法庭在引用適當的規則及釋義原則後，未能確定某遺囑中使用的文字的涵義，致使某特定的遺囑產權處置會因不能被確定而屬無效。在遺囑中，不確切性可能涉及饋贈的實際標的事項，或在遺囑提述的受益人的身份。性質荒謬或不合邏輯但清楚表達的產權處置，或就不明確地表達的產權處置予以詮釋時有困難，並不足以令該產權處置因不能被確定而屬無效；法庭必須完全不可能作出適當的詮釋，方可因不能被確定而使該產權處置無效：Re Roberts, Repington v Roberts-Gawen (1881) 19 Ch D 520（芵國上訴法院）。法庭一直不願因不能被確定而裁定某饋贈屬無效，並一直採用仁愛的原則：就某項不明確的饋贈而言，如偏重其中一個解釋而非另一個解釋的理由始終不充分，採用獲偏重的解釋至少較為接近立遺囑人意願，而非使全部產權處置無效，而使在無遺囑而去世的情況下有權承受遺產的人遭受損失：Doe d Winter v Perratt (1843) 6 Man & G 314（上議院）。在此等案件中，外在證據一直獲接納以解釋立遺囑人意願，但凡在1995年11月3日或之後去世的立遺囑人的遺囑的任何部分並無意義，則此等外在證據可包括立遺囑人意願的證據：《遺囑條例》（第30章）第23B條。另見 Lapse of gift。n. |
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