| 单词 | Justification |
| 释义 | 有理可據 A defensive plea, fact, or circumstance. Defamation - The defence that the imputation complained of is true. At common law it acts as a complete defence. Generally, the defendant must show that the imputation complained of is substantially true: Sutherland v Stopes [1925] AC 47 (HL); Ting Kwing Shou Wendahl v Parke & Ors [1987] 1 HKC 450 (HC); Oriental Daily Publisher Ltd & Anor v Ming Pao Holdings Ltd & Ors [1999] 4 HKC 354 (CFI). In an action for libel or slander in respect of words containing two or more distinct charges against the plaintiff, a defence of justification shall not fail by reason only that the truth of every charge is not proved if the words not proved to be true do not materially injure the plaintiff’s reputation having regard to the truth of the remaining charges: Defamation Ordinance (Cap 21) s 26. A defendant who relied on justification has to identify the defamatory meaning which he was prepared to justify: Hung Yuen Chan Robert v Hong Kong Standard Newspapers Ltd & Ors [1996] 4 HKC 519 (HC). See also Defamation; Qualified privilege. Tort - The concept that it is a defence to torts involving interference with trade or business that the defendant was justified in doing the tortious act; for example, a trade union may argue that its industrial action is justified because it was protesting against dangerous conditions for workers: Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co Ltd v Veitch [1942] AC 435, 1 All ER 142 (HL); Hadmor Productions Ltd v Hamiltoon [1983] 1 AC 191, [1982] 1 All ER 1042, (HL). Similarly, where there is an alleged tort of conspiracy, it is a sufficient justification if the predominant purpose of the act is to protect or promote trade: Halsbury’s Laws of Hong Kong, Vol 25, Tort [380.497]. A person inducing a breach of contracts commits no actionable wrong if his conduct is justified: Quinn v Leathem [1901] AC 495 (HL). See also Conspiracy to injure. 任何防衛用的答辯、事實或情況。 誹謗 - 證明所申訴的貶損屬正確的抗辨。在普通法上，等同完整的抗辨。一般來說，被告人須證明所申訴的貶損屬實質上正確：Sutherland v Stopes [1925] AC 47 （上議院）；Ting Kwing Shou Wendahl v Parke & Ors [1987] 1 HKC 450 （高等法院）；Oriental Daily Publisher Ltd & Anor v Ming Pao Holdings Ltd & Ors[1999] 4 HKC 354 (CFI)。在永久形式誹謗或短暫形式誹謗的訴訟中，如有關言詞含有2項或多於2項針對原告人的不同控罪，則以有理可據作為免責辯護不得僅因並非每項控罪皆獲證明屬實而不能成立，但該等未獲證明屬實的言詞，在顧及其餘控罪乃屬真實後，須為對原告人聲譽並無關鍵性的損害者：《誹謗條例》（第21章）第26條。任何被告人如要依靠有理可據，必須辨別其準備提出充分理由支持的誹謗性涵義：Hung Yuen Chan Robert v Hong Kong Standard Newspapers Ltd & Ors [1996] 4 HKC 519 （高等法院）。另見 Defamation; Qualified privilege。 侵權法 - 就涉及干預貿易或商業的侵權行為作出抗辯的概念，指出該被告人有充分理由支持其作出侵權的作為；例如：職工會可爭辯其工業行動是因為針對工人的危險情況而作出抗議：Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co Ltd v Veitch [1942] AC 435, 1 All ER 142 （上議院）；Hadmor Productions Ltd v Hamiltoon [1982] 1 All ER 1042, [1983] 1 AC 191 （上議院）。相似地，當有串謀的侵權行為指稱，如該作為的主要目的是為了保障或推動貿易，則屬足夠的有理可據：Halsbury’s Laws of Hong Kong, 第25冊，侵權，第[380.497]段。某人誘使違約，如有充分理由支持其行為，即沒有觸犯可提出起訴的錯失：Quinn v Leathem [1901] AC 495 （上議院）。另見 Conspiracy to injure。n. |
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