| 单词 | Legal burden |
| 释义 | 法律責任 1.Under the common law accusatorial system, the duty to persuade the jury or court; the ‘persuasive’ burden of proof. It is distinct from the evidentiary burden. In criminal cases, the legal burden lies on the party who alleges or asserts an issue: Woolmington v DPP [1935] AC 462, [1936] 25 Cr App 72 (HL). Failure to discharge the legal burden of proof on an issue will cause the trier of the fact to decide against the party who bears it on that particular issue. The legal and evidential burden are known collectively as the onus or burden of proof. 2. In criminal cases the prosecution bears the legal burden of proof: A-G v Hui Kin Hong [1995] 5 HKPLR 100. However the accused bears the legal burden of proof where the defence is one of insanity, both at common law and under the statute (Sodeman v The King [1936] 2 All ER 1138 (PC); Criminal Procedure Ordinance (Cap 221) s 74), and where a statute expressly, or by interpretation of the courts, throws the legal burden onto the accused (HKSAR v Ng Sui Hong [1998] 2 HKC 562 (CFI); Prevention of Bribery Ordinance (Cap 201) s 10). 3. In civil cases the plaintiff bears the legal burden in relation to all facts in issue that relate to establishing the cause of action: Constantine (Joseph) SS Line Ltd v Imperial Smelting Corp Ltd, The Kingsword [1942] AC 154 (HL); Ocean Force Enterprises Ltd v Chun Sau Wan v Grand Fully Holdings Ltd Richard Tai & Co (A Firm) (HCA 3571/97, unreported). An exception in civil cases is that where a defendant has been convicted of an offence by any court in Hong Kong, such conviction shall be admissible in evidence for the purpose of proving that he committed that offence. This shifts the legal burden of proof onto the defendant: Evidence Ordinance (Cap 8) s 62; Stupple v Royal Insurance Co Ltd [1971] 1 QB 50 (CA); Lau Ka Po (A Minor) by his mother and next friend Wong Siu Mui v Man Cheuk Ming and Au Success Co Ltd (HCPI 584/96, unreported). The obligation is to prove the whole crime including the negating of any defence which is in issue: Chan Kau v R [1946-1972] 1 HKC 63, [1955] AC 206 1 All ER 266 (PC). See also Burden of proof; Evidential burden; Shifting onus of proof; Standard of proof. 1. 根據普通法上的彈劾制，向陪審團或法庭進行游說的責任；指‘游說式’的舉證責任。它與證據責任不同。在刑事案件當中，法律責任由指稱或提出爭議的一方負上：Woolmington v DPP [1935] AC 462, [1936] 25 Cr App 72 （上議院）。如無法將爭議上的法律舉證責任解除，會導致事實的審判員針對就特定爭議而負責的一方作出裁定。法律責任與證據責任共同稱為舉證責任。 2. 在刑事案件中，控方負有法律上的舉證責任：A-G v Hui Kin Hong [1995] 5 HKPLR 100。但當抗辯理由之一是精神紊亂，在普通法上或根據法規，被告人須負有法律上的舉證責任（Sodeman v The King [1936] 2 All ER 1138 （樞密院）；《刑事訴訟程序條例》（第221章）第74條），而當法規明示，或根據法庭的釋義，將該法律責任轉移至被告人身上（HKSAR v Ng Sui Hong [1998] 2 HKC 562 （高等法院原訴庭）;；《防止賄賂條例》（第201章）第10條）。 3. 在民事案件中，原告人負有任何與構成訴訟因由的爭議事實有關的法律責任：Constantine (Joseph) SS Line Ltd v Imperial Smelting Corp Ltd, The Kingsword [1942] AC 154 （上議院）; Ocean Force Enterprises Ltd v Chun Sau Wan v Grand Fully Holdings Ltd Richard Tai & Co (A Firm)（高院民事訴訟1997年第3571號，未經彙報）。民事案件中有一項例外情況，任何人曾在香港就任何罪行被任何法庭定罪或在任何法庭席前被定罪的事實，可接納為證據，以證明該人曾犯該罪行。此作為將法律上的舉證責任轉移至被告人身上：《證據條例》（第8章）第62條；Stupple v Royal Insurance Co Ltd [1971] 1 QB 50（英國上訴法院）; Lau Ka Po (A Minor) by his mother and next friend Wong Siu Mui v Man Cheuk Ming and Au Success Co Ltd（高院傷亡訴訟1996年第584號，未經彙報）。該責任是證明整項罪行，包括否定爭議中的任何抗辯理由：Chan Kau v R [1946-1972] 1 HKC 63, [1955] AC 206 1 All ER 266 （樞密院）。另見 Burden of proof; Evidential burden; Shifting onus of proof; Standard of proof。 |
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