| 单词 | Severance |
| 释义 | 分割 The act of dividing or breaking off into parts. Contract - Removal from a contract of a term that is void or illegal so as to save the contract as a whole. A court will consider whether, as a matter of construction or intention, the term is severable; and whether, despite severability, the contract is nevertheless unenforceable due to the illegality: Carney v Herbert [1985] AC 301. The court must know the full facts and circumstances in order to decide whether the objectionable aspects of a clause in a contract could be legitimately severed so as to enable the rest to be enforceable: BSC Building Materials Supply Co Ltd v Cheung Chi Hung Michael [1998] 2 HKC 425. There can be no severance of a criminal or immoral term of a contract: Bennett v Bennett [1952] 1 KB 249. An illegal term of a contract can only be severed if it is possible to sever by running a ‘blue pencil’ test and cutting words out of the contract: Mason v Provident Clothing & Supply Co Ltd [1913] AC 724. The court will not sever if to do so the whole nature of the contract be altered: Putsman v Taylor [1927] 1 KB 637. Criminal law - An application to separate the trials for different indictment or charges. The judge may exercise the discretion to sever charges. The essential criterion is to achieve a fair resolution of the issues. Some of the factors to be considered include: how discrete or interrelated the facts are giving rise to the counts, the impact of ordering two or more trials on the defendant and his family, on the victims and their families and on press publicity, and importantly, whether the judge’s directions to the jury would suffice to secure a fair trial if the different charges were tried together: HKSAR v Keung Chi Shing [1998] 4 HKC 748. Other factors to be taken into account include the practical consequences of ordering separate trials including the expense and inconvenience to witnesses, as well as the circumstances of the defendant: HKSAR v Zheng Wan Tai [2000] 1 HKC 627. In the ordinary way if offences are properly joined in the same indictment then there can be no question of a defendant having in effect the right to have the indictment severed because the defendant believes that he might wish to give evidence in respect of one count and not another: R v Phillips (1988) 86 Cr App R 18. Real property - The division of an interest in property into two or more parts. For example, fixtures can be severed from the land of which they form a part and, at law or in equity, a joint tenancy can be severed to become a tenancy in common (Conveyancing and Property Ordinance (Cap 219) s 8). The joint tenancy may be severed either by one joint tenant as to his own share or generally by all the joint tenants. The joint tenancy can be severed at law, so as to create a tenancy in common, only by service of notice on the other joint tenants, or by an instrument: Conveyancing and Property Ordinance (Cap 219) s 8(1). Severance takes place upon the bankrupt being adjudicated bankrupt, whereby a joint tenancy is converted into a tenancy in common by operation of law: Re Dennis (a Bankrupt) [1993] Ch 72, [1992] 3 All ER 436, 3 WLR 204; Re Chow Yuet Lam (a Bankrupt) [2000] 1 HKC 404. See also Co-ownership; Joint tenancy; Tenancy in common. 分開或分割成部份的作為。 合約 - 為保留整體合約，而把無效或違法的合約條款從合約上刪除。法庭會考慮有關合約條款在解釋或意圖上是否可被分割的；及即使是可予以分割的，有關合約是否仍然因為不合法而不可執行：Carney v Herbert [1985] AC 301。法庭須知悉全部的事實及情況以決定某合約條款的不妥當的一面是否可合法地分割，因而使其他部分可予以強制執行：BSC Building Materials Supply Co Ltd v Cheung Chi Hung Michael [1998] 2 HKC 425。 屬刑事罪行或不道德的合約條款不可分割：Bennett v Bennett [1951] 1 KB 249。合約上的違法條款僅可在通過「刪改」驗證及把文字從合約上刪去才可被分割：Mason v Provident Clothing & Supply Co Ltd [1913] AC 724。如分割會修改合約的整體性質，法庭不會作出分割：Putsman v Taylor [1927] 1 KB 637。 - 刑法 為不同的控訴或檢控申請分開審訴。法官可行使酌情權劃分控罪。基要準則是達致公平地解決爭議。若干可予考慮的因素包括：有關事實如何各別地或相關地引致有關罪名發生，作出兩個或多於兩個審訴的命令對被告人及其家庭、對受害人及其家庭與報界公布的影響，而重要的是，如不同的控罪共同審訴，法官對陪審團發出的指引是否足以確保審訴公平：HKSAR v Keung Chi Shing [1998] 4 HKC 748。其他考慮因素包括命令各別審訴的實際後果，包括開支、對證人的不便，及被告人的情況：HKSAR v Zheng Wan Tai [2000] 1 HKC 627。如不同的罪行在相同的控訴適當地以普通的方法合併起來，則不可能有被告人實際上有劃分控訴的權利的問題，因為被告人相信他／她可能意欲就一項罪名而非另一罪名作證：R v Phillips (1988) 86 Cr App R 18。 |
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