| 单词 | Actual authority |
| 释义 | 實際權限 Generally a grant of authority to act within the confines of the grant. Agency - In agency law, authority granted to an agent by a principal under an agreement or contract to which they alone are parties: Freeman & Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties (Mangal) Ltd [1964] 2 QB 480. The scope of actual authority is ascertained by applying ordinary principles of construction of contracts, including any proper implications from the express words used, the usage of the trade, and the course of business between the parties. Actual authority may be divided into express and implied authority, and is to be contrasted with apparent or ostensible authority. See also Agency; Agent; Apparent authority; Express authority; Implied authority; Principal; Warranty of authority. Corporations - The express or implied authority given to a person (usually a company officer) by a company, to engage in particular conduct on behalf of the company. Such conduct may include entering into transactions and executing documents as an agent of the company. It includes the authority to do whatever is necessarily incidental to the particular acts authorised and, if the appointment is to a particular position of a standard kind, the things which are usually done by a person in that position: Hely-Hutchinson v Brayhead Ltd & Anor [1967] 3 All ER 98, [1968] 1 QB 549 (CA). Actual authority to act for a company is governed by the board of directors. See also Apparent authority; Implied authority. 通常指不超越授權以外之權限。 代理 - 在代理法上，委託人根據協議下或在合同授予代理人之權限，而只有該委託人及該代理人方為締約人：Freeman & Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties (Mangal) Ltd [1964] 2 QB 480。藉引用合同的一般解釋原則，包括從明示字句的任何恰當含意、行業慣例及雙方之業務交往，可決定實際權限的範圍。實際權限可被劃分為明示及隱含權限，及與表面或顯然的權限相對。另見 Agency; Agent; Apparent authority; Express authority; Implied authority; Principal; Warranty of authority。 法團 - 公司授予個人（多數指公司主任）的明文或隱含權限，以代表該公司從事某特定活動。該等活動可包括以公司代理人的身份達成交易及簽署文件。代理人亦有權從事該某特定行為的一些必要附帶活動。如代理人被委任某一慣常的特定職位，則該代理人有權從事該職位通常處理的事情：Hely-Hutchinson v Brayhead Ltd & Anor [1967] 3 All ER 98, [1968] 1 QB 549（英國上訴法院）。代表公司行事的實際權限是由董事局規管。另見 Apparent authority; Implied authority。 |
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