| 单词 | Ratification |
| 释义 | 追認 The adoption by a person, entity or state of an agreement or contract that the person, entity or state was not obliged to perform prior to the act of ratification. Agency - Conduct of a principal after an unauthorised act by the principal’s agent, which effectively makes the act the principal’s own: Maclean v Dunn (1828) 4 Bing 722, 130 ER 947. Ratification allows an agent’s unauthorised act to be treated as if the principal had previously given actual authority to do it. Ratification may be express, whether in writing or oral; it may be implied by conduct (Forman & Co Pty Ltd v The Ship Liddesdale [1900] AC 190 (PC)); or occur by positive acts of adoption (Ho Tung v Man On Insurance Co [1902] AC 232 (PC)) or by acquiescence (Gimex Development Ltd v Cua Wai Tai [2000] 1 HKC 241, 1 HKLRD 14 (CA)). To constitute a valid ratification the following must be satisfied: (1) the agent whose act is sought to be ratified must have purported to act for the principal (Keighley, Maxsted & Co v Durant [1901] AC 240 (HL)); (2) at the time the act was done the agent must have had a competent principal (Boston Deep Sea Fishing and Ice Co Ltd v Farnham (Inspector of Taxes) [1957] 3 All ER 204, 1 WLR 1051); and (3) at the time of the ratification the principal must be legally capable of doing the act himself (Firth v Staines [1897] 2 QB 70). See also Agency; Agent; Principal; Ratification by acquiescence; Undisclosed principal. Contract - Adoption by a principal of a contract that was entered into by his or her agent without authority or in excess of the agent’s authority. The principal is thus bound by that contract as if he or she had personally entered into it: Wilson v Tumman (1843) 6 Man & G 236, 134 ER 879. Acting in accordance with the terms of contract made by the agent also constitutes ratification: Ho Tung v Man On Insurance Co [1902] AC 232 (PC). Ratification of a contract required to be in writing need not be effected by writing: Sheridan v Higgins [1971] IR 291 (SC). Although an undisclosed principal cannot ratify excesses of authority by his agent (Spiro v Lintern [1973] 3 All ER 319, 1 WLR 1002 (CA)), because only the person in whose name or on whose behalf the acts were purportedly to be done may ratify (Keighley, Maxsted & Co v Durant [1901] AC 240 (HL)), undisclosed and unascertainable principals may ratify an insurance policy taken out for their benefit as long as the agent intended to benefit those having the same type of insurable interest as those claiming to ratify: Yangtsze Insurance Association v Lukmanjee [1918] AC 585 (PC). A contract of marine insurance is capable of being ratified even if the assured subsequently became aware of the loss: Marine Insurance Ordinance (Cap 329) s 86. See also Actual authority; Agent; Principal. Foreign relations - The process by which a signatory state to a treaty confirms that it intends to be bound by that treaty. Ratification is usually performed by the sovereign, head of state, foreign minister, or parliament in accordance with the constitutional law of the state. In the People’s Republic of China, ratification is performed by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress in accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Procedure for Concluding Treaties (28 December 1990). Where a treaty indicates ratification as the appropriate mode of consent, the consent of a party to be bound by the treaty is ineffective until ratification: Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 arts 11, 14. Multilateral treaties take effect following a given number of ratifications, generally one-third of the signatories to the agreement. See also Signatory; Treaty. 由人、公司或國家接納一份協議或合約；而有關的當事人、公司或國家在追認的行為前無須履行有關的協議或合約。 代理 - 在代理人作出未經授權的行為之後，委託人有效地把代理人有關的行為變成一如委託人自己行事的行為：Maclean v Dunn (1828) 4 Bing 722。追認容許把代理人未經授權的行為視為一如委託人在之前已給予實際的權力行事。無論是以書面或口述的形式，追認可以是明示；追認也可以由行為暗示 (Forman & Co Pty Ltd v The Liddesdale [1900] AC 190（樞密院）)； 或由積極的採納行為產生 (Ho Tung v Man On Insurance Co [1902] AC 232 (樞密院)) 或由默許產生 (Gimex Development Ltd v Cua Wai Tai [2000] 1 HKC 241, 1 HKLRD 14（上訴法庭）) 。為可構成有效的追認，必須符合下列條件：(1)謀求追認其行為的代理人必須本意是為委託人行事 (Keighley, Maxsted & Co v Durant [1901] AC 240（上議院）)；(2) 在作出有關的行為時，代理人必須有一位有資格的委託人 (Boston Deep Sea Fishing and Ice Co Ltd v Farnham (Inspector of Taxes) [1957] 3 All ER 204, 1 WLR 1051)；及 (3)在追認時，委託人本身必須可合法作出有關的行為 (Firth v Staines [1897] 2 QB 70) 。另見 Agency; Agent; Principal; Ratification by acquiescence; Undisclosed principal。 合約 - 委託人採納一份由其代理人在沒有授權或超逾代理人權力的情況下訂立的合約。委託人因而受到有關合約的約束，猶如他本人訂立一樣：Wilson v Tumman (1843) 6 Man & G 236, 134 ER 879。按照由代理人訂立的合約條款行事也構成追認：Ho Tung v Man On Insurance Co [1902] AC 232（樞密院）。規定以書面方式進行的合約追認不須以書面完成： Sheridan v Higgins [1971] IR 291 （最高法院）。儘管隱名委託人不可追認其代理人超逾權限的行事 (Spiro v Lintern [1973] 3 All ER 319, 1 WLR 1002（英國上訴法院）)，因為只有代理人本意是以其名或代表其人作出行為的有關人土才可追認(Keighley, Maxsted & Co v Durant [1901] AC 240（上議院）), 隱名及不可確定的委託人可追認以他們的利益為依歸的保單，只要代理人在整段期間內有意圖使屬同一類可保權益的人一如提出追認申索的人受益：Yangtsze Insurance Association v Lukmanjee [1918] AC 585（樞密院）。即使受保人其後知悉損失，海上保險合約可被追認：《海上保險條例》（第329章）第86條。另見 Actual authority; Agent; Principal。 外交 - 條約簽署國確認它計劃受該條約所約束的程序。認可通常由主權國、國家元首、外交部長或國會根據該國的憲法執行。在中華人民共和國，認可由人民代表大會常委會根據《1990年12月28日中華人民共和國條約訂定程序法》。凡條約指明認可為恰當的同意方式，直到一方作出認可前，僅該方同意被條約約束是不足夠的：《1969年維也納條約法公約》第11、14條。多邊條約在取得規定一定數目的認可後生效，一般為該協議的三分之一簽署國。另見 Signatory; Treaty。n. |
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