| 单词 | Reprisal |
| 释义 | 報復 1. In foreign relations, a unilateral sanction imposed by an injured state against another state for the purpose of settling grievances caused by the latter’s illegal or unjustified conduct. Examples of reprisals are a boycott of a state’s goods, and an embargo. Under international law, a reprisal is generally prohibited, but may be justified if it is used to redress a violation of international law, not as a demand for redress for injury. Reprisals are also prohibited against cultural property by the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict of 14 May 1954. Proportionality is an important criterion of reprisal. The injured state must also have requested compensation for the wrong, before a reprisal could be justified. Reprisal is not recognised as a means of peaceful dispute settlement by the Charter of the United Nations 1945: Charter of the United Nations 1945 art 2 para 4, Ch VI; GA Res 2625 (XXV) para 6. 2. An act of retaliation between belligerent states during war. Its aim is usually to force the opponent state to cease violating the laws of war. In international armed conflicts, reprisals are now unconditionally prohibited against all categories of protected persons as enumerated in the four Geneva Conventions on the laws of war of 1949. In Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1949, this prohibition is extended to the collective punishment of civilians. See also Proportionality; Retorsion; Self-help. 1. 就外交關係而言，由受傷害的國家作出針對另一國家的單方面的制裁，目的為解決前者因後者的不法或不公平行為而產生的不滿。報復的例子有抵制該國的貨品，或實行禁運。根據國際法，報復普遍是受到禁止的，但如用作糾正國際法的違反，而不是作損害賠償則可屬具有正當理由。《1954年5月海牙公約有關武裝衝突事件中文化財產保護》規定禁止對文化財產作出報復。需要相稱乃報復的重要準則。受傷害的國家必須先提出賠償的要求才有正常理由作出報復。報復並非《1945年聯合國憲章》所接受的和平解決爭執的方法：《1945年聯合國憲章》第2條第4段；大會決議案 2625 (XXV) 第6段。2. 兩個交戰中國家作出的報復行為。其目的一般為強迫敵對國家停止違反戰爭法。就國際武裝衝突而言，現已無條件禁止對所有，列舉的在四個《1949年日內瓦戰爭法公約》中的受保護類別人士作出報復。就《1949年關於戰時保護平民之日內瓦公約》而言，禁止延伸至集體處罰平民：另見 Proportionality; Retorsion; Self-help。 n. |
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