| 单词 | Priority |
| 释义 | 優先次序 The order in which interests in property are enforced. Priority is usually determined by the time of creation of the interest, an earlier interest prevails over a later interest. Where the competing interests are equitable, priority is given to the earlier interest (qui prior est tempore potior est jure) if all the other relevant factors are equal, for instance the nature of the equitable interests, the circumstances and manner of their acquisition, and the conduct of the parties: Nield, Hong Kong Land Law (2nd Ed, Longman) ch 2 p 34. If the holder of the prior equity has been fraudulent or negligent in the protection of his interest, he may lose the priority that he might otherwise have enjoyed: Wong Lai Suk Chun v Wong Chiu Ming [1993] 1 HKC 522; Chu Kit Yuk & Anor v Country Wide Industrial Ltd & Ors [1995] 1 HKC 363. Where the competing interests are legal, the priority is enshrined in the maxim nemo dat quod non habet (a person cannot give what he or she does not have), meaning that having disposed of a legal interest that person cannot later give that interest to anyone else. In Hong Kong, the deeds system requires that to obtain protection the holder of registrable interest in land must register an instrument which evidences that interest: Land Registration Ordinance (Cap 128) s 3. The interest registered first in time is given priority: Halsbury’s Laws of Hong Kong, Vol 16, 2001 Reissue, Land [230.0383]. Priority of the registration is dated from the actual date of registration rather than from the time of day on the date of registration: Land Registration Ordinance (Cap 128) s 3(1); Wong Kam-wing v Cyril Murkin (HK) Ltd [1989] 1 HKLR 597, 2 HKC 603. The Ordinance operates to preclude a registering party being affected by notice of prior unregistered registrable interest except where the conduct of the registering party is fraudulent: Mak Him v Chan Hung-pak [1965] HKLR 87; Keep Point Development Ltd v Chan Chi Yim & Ors (FACV 10A/2002, unreported). Unwritten equities might be enforceable against the registered party if the prior unregistrable interest has priority on general principles: Wong Chim-ying v Cheng Kam-wing [1991] 2 HKLR 253; [1990] 1 HKC 418. An equitable interest usually ranks behind a legal interest notwithstanding that it may have been created earlier. This principle is enshrined in the maxim ‘where the equities are equal, the laws prevails’. A later legal interest prevails over an earlier equitable interest if the party acquiring the legal interest purchased it for value, in good faith, and without notice if the equitable interest. See also Equitable estate; Legal estate; Mere equity; Prior equity. 強制執行財物權益的次序。優先權通常由權益產生的時間決定, 較早的權益凌駕較遲的權益。凡受爭議的權益屬於衡平法上的權益，較早的權益優先（在法律上於時間上為先者的申索最有力）, 如所有其他有關的因素同等，例如衡平法權益的性質,其獲取的情況和方式及當事人的行為：Nield, Hong Kong Land Law（第2版）第2章第34頁。如持有優先衡平法者在保護其權益時曾作出欺詐行為或疏忽，他或可喪失其曾享有的優先權：Wong Lai Suk Chun v Wong Chiu Ming [1993] 1 HKC 522; Chu Kit Yuk & Anor v Countrywide Industrial Ltd [1995] 1 HKC 363。如受爭議的權益屬於法律上的權益，優先次序彰顯於 ‘人不可給予其所沒有的原則之中，即某人曾處置其後不可給予任何其他人的法律權益。在香港, 契據制度要求持有土地可註冊權益的人必須註冊一份可證明其權益的法律文件，以得到保護：《土地註冊條例》 （第128章）第3條。於時間上先註冊的權益有優先權: Halsbury’s Laws of Hong Kong, 第16冊（2001再發行）第[230.0383]段。註冊優先權以實際註冊日期計算, 而非在註冊日期上的時間：《土地註冊條例》 （第128章）第3(1)條；Wong Kam-wing v Cyril Murkin (HK) Ltd [1989] HKLR 597, 2 HKC 603。除非註冊中的當事人作出欺詐行為，否則土地註冊條會實施以阻止註冊中的當事人被以前未註冊但可註冊的權益通知書影響：Mak Him v Chan Hung-pak [1965] HKLR 87; Keep Point Development Ltd v Chan Chi Yim & Ors （終院民事上訴2002年第10A號，未經彙報）。如以前可強制執行的權益在一般的原則上有優先權，或可針對已註冊的當事人強制執行非書面方式的衡平法：Wong Chim-ying v Cheng Kam-wing [1991] 2 HKLR 253；[1990] 1 HKC 418。儘管衡平法上的權益或在較早前已產生, 衡平法的權益通常列於法律上的權益之後。此原則彰顯於’如衡平法上的權益同等時，以法律上的權益為準’的原則之中。較後的法律權益凌駕於較早的衡平法權益, 如獲得法律權益的當事人,在本著真誠及在沒有衡平法權益通知書下, 為有關權益的價值而購買有關的法律權益。另見 Equitable estate; Legal estate; Mere equity; Prior equity。n. |
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