| 单词 | Trust |
| 释义 | 信託 A fiduciary relationship where a person holds the title of property for the benefit of another. Constitutional law - An obligation that is not enforceable in a court of law, although non-legal means may exist to persuade the government to honour its obligation: Tito v Waddell (No 2) [1977] Ch 106, 3 All ER 129. It is important to distinguish between governmental or public obligation and trust. No trust arises in the administration of property for the benefit of others in the exercise of governmental functions: Philipp Brothers v Republic of Sierra Leone and Commission of the European Communities [1995] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 289. If a person performing a public statutory duty is in breach of that duty, no remedy in breach of trust or equitable account is available: Swain v Law Society [1983] 1 AC 598, [1982] 2 All ER 827. However, there are the remedies of judicial review, declaration, injunction and recovery of money if wrongly demanded and paid: Woolwich Equitable Building Society v IRC [1993] AC 70, [1992] 3 All ER 737. See also Political trust. Corporation - An arrangement in which investors entrust their capital to a trustee who, under a trust deed, places the management of the trust’s assets in the hands of a management company. The trustee’s role is to hold legal title to the assets of the trust and to protect the interests of the investors. The trustee’s duties are fiduciary and include ensuring that the management company properly carries out its duties, investing trust money so as to derive income, preserving trust property, avoiding conflicts of interest, complying with instructions in the trust instrument, and administering the trust personally with care. Trust does not include the duties incident to an estate conveyed by way of mortgage, but with this exception the expression ‘trust’ extends to implied and constructive trusts, and to cases where the trustee has a beneficial interest in the trust property, and to the duties incident to the office of a personal representative: Trustee Ordinance (Cap 29) s 2. Equity - A device by which one person holds property for the benefit of another person. A trust imposes a personal equitable obligation upon a person (‘trustee’) to deal with property for the benefit of another person or class of persons (‘beneficiary’) or for the advancement of certain purposes, private or charitable: Green v Russell [1959] 2 QB 226, 2 All ER 525 (CA). There must be sufficient certainty of intention, object, and subject matter. The modern trust arose from the medieval ‘use’ obtaining its nature from the simultaneous holding of equitable (or beneficial) and legal interests in property. A trust is a purely equitable obligation and is enforceable only in a court in which equity is administered: Re Williams, Williams v Williams [1897] 2 Ch 12 (CA). Unlike a contract, a trust can confer enforceable benefits on persons who are not party to it: M H Turner and H J Armstrong (Trustees of the Will of Sir Catchick Paul Chater decd) v E B A Brickwood, D P Chater, G L Weston and Official Trustee of Bengal (Wardens of Armenian Holy Church of Nazareth, Calcutta) (1949) 33 HKLR 283. See also Three certainties; Trust account; Trust document. 凡某人為另一人的利益而持有土地的受信關係。 憲法 - 不可在法庭強制執行的義務，但卻可能存在有非法律的方法，從而說服政府履行自己的義務：Tito v Waddell (No 2) [1977] Ch 106, [1977] 3 All ER 129。識別政府或公共義務，與信託的分別很重要。在行使政府職能時，而為他人的利益管理財產，不產生信託：Philipp Bros Ltd v Republic of Sierra Leone and EC Commission [1995] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 289。如某人在履行公共法定責任時違反該責任，沒有違反誠信或在衡平法上的補救方法：Swain v Law Society [1983] 1 AC 598, [1982] 2 All ER 827。但有司法覆核、宣佈、強制令或追回金錢(如不當的要求並已支付)的補救：Woolwich Equitable Building Society v IRC [1993] AC 70, [1992] 3 All ER 737。另見 Political trust。 法團 - 投資者將其資金交託給受託人的安排，而該受託人會根據信託契據將信託資產的管理交予管理公司處置。受託人的角色在於持有信託資產法律上的業權及保障投資者的權益。受託人有受信責任，並包括確保有關的管理公司適當地履行其責任、為獲得收入而投資信託款項、保存信託財產、避免利益衝突、遵從信託文書上的指令及親自謹慎地管理有關的信託。信託不包括以按揭方式轉易的產業權所附帶的職責，但除此之外，「信託」擴及默示信託及法律構定信託、受託人對信託財產享有實益權益的情況以及遺產代理人一職所附帶的職責：《受託人條例》(第29章)第2條。 衡平法 - 藉某人為另一人的利益持有財產的方法。信託委以一人(「受託人」)衡平法上的責任，即為另一人或某類別的人(「受益人」)的利益或為促進若干私人或慈善的目的處置財產：Green v Russell [1959] 2 QB 226, 2 All ER 525（英國上訴法院）。在意圖、宗旨及標的事項上，必須有充分的確定。現代信託是從中世紀同時持有財產衡平法上(或實益)及法律上的權益而獲得其性質的「受益權」而產生的。信託是純粹衡平法上的責任，並僅可在管理衡平法的法院強制執行：Re Williams, Williams v Williams [1897] 2 Ch 12 （英國上訴法院）。信託可授予可強制執行的利益予不屬於立約方的人，這點與合約不同：M H Turner and H J Armstrong (Trustees of the Will of Sir Catchick Paul Chater decd) v E B A Brickwood, D P Chater, G L Weston and Official Trustee of Bengal (Wardens of Armenian Holy Church of Nazareth, Calcutta) (1949) 33 HKLR 283。另見 Three certainties; Trust account; Trust document。n. |
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