| 单词 | Salvage |
| 释义 | 救助 1. The service which saves or helps to save the subject of the service, including marine property, from danger for the reward for such service: The Dragon Sunrise [1998] 3 HKC 633. The preservation of a vessel or any other property in danger in navigable waters or in any other waters whatsoever. Except where there is an agreement to the contrary, a salvor is not entitled to remuneration unless the property is salved and brought to a place of safety (no cure, no pay): Special Compensation P & I Club (SCOPIC) Clause in Lloyd’s Open Form (LOF). The sum to be paid shall not exceed the value of the property salved: London Convention art 12, 13; The Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Assistance and Salvage at Sea, Brussels, 1910 (the ‘Brussels Convention’) art 2. The London Convention is given effect by the Merchant Shipping (Collision Damage Liability and Salvage) Ordinance (Cap 508) s 9, sch 1. For services to constitute salvage services, three conditions must be satisfied: salvageable property must be in danger at sea; the services must be either successful in rescuing this property or contribute towards such success; and the person performing the services (the salvor) must be a volunteer: The Goring [1988] 1 AC 831. Salvage services consist, amongst other things, of towing (The Dragon Sunrise, supra), piloting (The Tafelberg (1941) 71 Ll L Rep 189), navigating (The San Demetrio (1941) 69 Ll L Rep 5), standing by a vessel in danger (The Guernsey Coast (1950) 83 Ll L Rep 483), transhipping cargo or crew (The Erato (1888) 13 PD 163), shifting stranded vessels (The Queen Elizabeth (1949) 82 Ll L Rep 803), and raising sunken cargo (The Cadiz and the Boyne (1876) 3 Asp MLC 332). 2. A ship or goods, or both, saved from the dangers of the sea. At common law, only maritime property can be the subject of salvage services (The Gas Float Whitton No 2 [1895] P 301) so that a reward is not payable for the salvage of an aircraft or for saving life unless there is something more than life saved. If this constitutes part of the salvage of the vessel, her cargo, and accessories, the salvors of human life will be entitled to a fair share of the remuneration awarded: London Convention art 16; Brussels Convention art 9. 3. The reward payable for saving property from danger at sea. The reward may be provided for by a salvage agreement: Union Remorquage et de Sauvetage SA v Lake Avery Inc (The Lake Avery) [1997] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 540. The common law courts would not entertain an action for salvage unless the salvor could prove a contract of employment, express or implied (Lipson v Harrison (1853) 2 WR 10), under which reward was due and on which, accordingly, the salvor could recover quantum meruit in the absence of an agreement as to the amount of reward (Newman v Walters (1804) 3 Bos & P 612). The right of the salvor in maritime law to salvage reward does not depend on contract, but on the obligation which that law imposes on the owner of property saved, or on persons who have had a benefit arising out of the saving of the property, to remunerate the salvor (The Port Victor (Cargo ex) [1901] P 243 ), although the right often does arise out of, or is accompanied by, contract. See also Aircraft; Navigation; Pilotage; Salvage agreement; Salvage charges; Salvage money; Salved vessel; Salving vessel; Towage; Wreck. 1. 在救助服務中，拯救或協助拯救服務的主題，包括從危難中保存的海事財物，以獲得有關服務的報酬：The Dragon Sunrise [1998] 3 HKC 633。在可航海的水域或任何其他水域發生的危難中，保存船舶或任何其他財物。除另有相反的協議外，除非曾救助財物及置其於安全的地方，否則救助人員不得享有酬金(沒有成功救助，便沒有報酬)：勞合社合約格式(LOF)的特別賠償（船東保賠／標準保賠）協會條款。支付的款額不應超逾獲救助財物的價值：《倫敦公約》第12及13條；《1910年布魯塞爾統一海上援助及救助的若干規則的公約》（「布魯塞爾公約」）第2條。《商船 (碰撞損害法律責任及救助) 條例》(第508章)第9條，附表1使《倫敦公約》得以在香港施行。救助服務必須符合三項條件：可救助的財物必須在海上遇難；有關的救助服務必須成功救助該財物或對成功的救助有貢獻；及履行救助服務的人（救助人員）必須是自願者：The Goring [1988] 1 AC 831。除其他事情外，救助服務包括拖船（The Dragon Sunrise，見上文），領港(The Tafelberg (1941) 71 Ll L Rep 189)，領航（The San Demetrio (1941) 69 Ll L Rep 5），援助遇難的船舶（The Guernsey Coast (1950) 83 Ll L Rep 483），轉運貨物及船員（The Erato (1888) 13 PD 163），移動擱淺的船舶(The Queen Elizabeth (1949) 82 Ll L Rep 803)，及升起沉下的貨物(The Cadiz and the Boyne (1876) 3 Asp MLC 332)。 2. 從海難中獲救的船舶或貨物或以上兩者。在普通法，只有海事財物才可成為救助服務的主題 （The Gas Float Whitton No 2 [1895] P 301）， 因此除非有救助生命以外的事物，否則不應為救助飛機或救助生命而支付報酬。如構成救助船舶及其貨物和附屬品的一部分，人命的救助人員可享有獲授予公平分配的酬金：《倫敦公約》第16條；《布魯塞爾公約》第9條。 救助金 3. 應為從海難中救助財物而支付的報酬。可以救助協議規定有關的報酬：Union Remorquage et de Sauvetage SA v Lake Avery Inc (The Lake Avery) [1997] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 540。 除非救助人員可證明明示或隱含的僱傭工作合約 （Lipson v Harrison (1853) 2 WR 10），並根據有關的合約應獲報酬，及救助人員在沒有協議所獲報酬的款項下，可據此追討按服務計算的酬勞（Newman v Walters (1804) 3 Bos & P 612）。救助人員在海事法並非根據合約獲得救助酬勞的權利（儘管有關的權利通常由合約產生或伴以合約產生）；而是根據法律，向獲救助財物的擁有人或從救助財物產生利益的人加諸支付救助人員酬金的責任（The Port Victor (Cargo ex) [1901] P 243 ）。另見 Aircraft; Navigation; Pilotage; Salvage agreement; Salvage charges; Salvage money; Salved vessel; Salving vessel; Towage; Wreck。n. |
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