| 单词 | Fraud on the minority |
| 释义 | 對少數股東的欺詐行為 Direct or indirect expropriation by the majority from the minority the money, property or advantages which belong to the company: Burland v Earle [1902] AC 83 (PC). There is a fraud on the minority if the negligence of the wrongdoers has caused a material benefit to themselves at the expense of the company; mere negligent is not enough. The meaning of ‘fraud’ in this context is much wider than that in the common law: Estmanco (Kilner House) Ltd Greater London Council [1982] 1 All ER 437 (VC); Menier v Hooper’s Telegraph Works (1874) LR 9 Ch App 350; Pavlides v Jensen & Ors [1956] 2 All ER 518, Ch 565; Anglo-Eastern (1985) Ltd & Anor v Karl Knutz & Ors [1988] 1 HKLR 322 (CA); Edwards & Anor v Halliwell & Ors [1950] 2 All ER 1064 (CA). In the case of negligence or breach of duty, the company may ratify the directors’ act unless the directors are guilty of dishonesty: Daniels & Ors v Daniels & Ors [1978] 2 All ER 89. See also Fraud on a power; Squeeze out. 由多數股東從少數股東直接或間接地徵用屬於公司的金錢、財產或利益：Burland v Earle [1902] AC 83（樞密院）。如違法者的疏忽是在損害公司的情況下致使他們本身獲得重大的利益，則構成對少數股東的欺詐行為；但純粹的疏忽並不足夠。在此等情況下，「欺詐」 的涵義比普通法的欺詐涵義廣泛：Estmanco (Kilner House) Ltd Greater London Council [1982] 1 All ER 437 (VC)；Menier v Hooper’s Telegraph Works (1874) LR 9 Ch App 350；Pavlides v Jensen [1956] 2 All ER 518，Ch 565；Anglo-Eastern (1985) Ltd v Karl） Knutz [1988] 1 HKLR 322（上訴法庭）；Edwards v Halliwell [1950] 2 All ER 1064（芵國上訴法院。就疏忽或為不履行責任的案件而言，有關公司須追認董事的作為，除非該等董事犯有不誠實行為：Daniels v Daniels [1978] 2 All ER 89。另見 Fraud on a power; Squeeze out。 |
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