| 单词 | Natural justice |
| 释义 | 自然公正 The cardinal principles being implicit in the concept of fair adjudication, namely, that no man shall be a judge in his own cause (nemo judex in causa sua), and that no man shall be condemned unheard (audi alteram partem): R v Deputy Industrial Injuries Cmr, ex p Moore [1965] 1 QB 456, 1 All ER 81 (CA). The rules of natural justice must be observed by courts, tribunals, arbitrators and all persons and bodies having the duty to act judicially (R v Hull Prison Board of Visitors, ex p St Germain (No 2) [1979] 3 All ER 545, 1 WLR 1401 (DC)), unless their application is excluded expressly (Khan v A-G [1986] HKLR 972 (CA) or by necessary implication (Re KOY Investment Co Ltd [1983] HKLR 28 (FC); Wiseman v Borneman [1971] AC 297, [1969] 3 All ER 275 (HL)). However, the obligation to observe natural justice is not confined to bodies constrained to observe the procedural and evidential rules of a court of law, and the standards of natural justice and fairness are highly flexible: Wiseman v Borneman, supra. Breach of the rules of natural justice is one of grounds upon which administrative action is subject to judicial review by the courts: Spruce v The University of Hong Kong [1993] 2 HKLR 65 (PC). See also Bias; Fair trial; Good faith; Law of nature; Procedural fairness. 指在平等判決概念中所暗喻的基本原則，即是任何人均不得擔任自己的訴訟案件的法官(nemo judex in causa sua)，及要聽兩造各陳其詞方可證明某人有罪(audi alteram partem)：R v Deputy Industrial Injuries Cmr, ex p Moore [1965] 1 QB 456, 1 All ER 81 (芵國上訴法院)。自然公正規則必須由有以司法官員身分行事的義務的法庭、審裁處、仲裁人及所有人士及機構遵守(R v Hull Prison Board of Visitors, ex p St Germain (No 2) [1979] 3 All ER 545, 1 WLR 1401（英國地方法院）) ，除非其適用範圍被明顯地免除 (Khan v A-G [1986] HKLR 972 (上訴法庭) ，或因必要的含示所免除 (Re KOY Investment Co Ltd [1983] HKLR 28 (全體法院) ；Wiseman v Borneman [1971] AC 297, [1969] 3 All ER 275 (上議院))。但是，遵守自然公正的義務不是限制於強制機構遵守法庭的法律程序及證據規則，此外，自然公正與平等的標準屬高度可變動的：Wiseman v Borneman, 見上文。違反自然公正的規則是其中一項理由支持在行政上所採取的行動，但受法庭的司法覆核所管限：Spruce v The University of Hong Kong [1993] 2 HKLR 65 (樞密院)。另見 Bias; Fair trial; Good faith; Law of nature; Procedural fairness |
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