| 单词 | Control |
| 释义 | 管控 The power or authority to direct, regulate, govern or oversee. The ability to direct or restrain something; to have influence over another. Contract - Physical or legal possession. 1. A customer’s cash deposits in a bank ceases to become that customer’s money as principal and in turn becomes the money of the bank which has it under its control to deal with as it wishes and as its own, for example, direct it to the making of a profit. In effect, it becomes the banker’s money, subject of course to its obligation to pay back the customer the principal and accrued interest according to banking custom: Parker v Marchant (1843) 1 Phillips 356, 41 ER 667. 2. Mercantile agents in the course of their business have possession and control over another’s goods with the power to dispose of them to third parties: Factors Ordinance (Cap 48) s 3; Sale of Goods Ordinance (Cap 26) ss 23, 27. See also Assessment; Factor; Mercantile agent. Corporations - 1. The general powers of managing, governing or overseeing a company (as contrasted with ownership) are normally vested in the board of directors, who may exercise such powers which are not otherwise required by the Companies Ordinance or the company’s articles of association or exercisable by the company in general meeting: Companies Ordinance (Cap 32) sch 1 table A art 82. If the directors so act within their statutory powers (or by comparable powers in the articles) they are not bound to obey resolutions passed by shareholders in general meeting: Automatic Self-Cleansing Filter Syndicate Co Ltd v Cuninghame [1906] 2 Ch 34 (CA). Safeguards exist if the directors abuse or exceed their powers, which may be challenged by shareholders in general meeting, or if the board of directors cannot or will not exercise its powers: Tang Kam Yip v Yau Kung School [1986] 2 HKC 100; Barron v Potter [1914] 1 Ch 895. 2. A subsidiary-holding relationship between corporate entities is determined by the respective control one has over another. However, respective shareholdings and voting powers must be closely assessed as the actual size of the shareholdings in itself may be misleading in determining the realities of control, for example, shares held, or the power exercisable, may not be included in the assessment where the company is acting in a fiduciary capacity and voting rights are held by way of debentures or trust deeds: Companies Ordinance (Cap 32) s 2(6)(a)-(d). Control can also be vested in the board of directors by way of its ability to remove the directors of another entity without the consent or concurrence of any other person. See also Entity; Holding company; Subsidiary. Taxation - The Commissioner of Inland Revenue has the power, inter alia, to order disclosure of statements of assets and liabilities of individuals or corporations when it is of the opinion that such statements or returns are incorrect or that false information has been supplied in the filing of income or profits tax returns: Inland Revenue Ordinance (Cap 112) s 51A. Tort - 1. The degree of control exercised by one person or entity over another as a result of the relationship which exists between them as distinct from strict ownership, whereby liability for the latter’s actions may be imposed upon the former. In corporate law, companies may be held criminally liable for the criminal acts of its employees committed within the scope of their employment and by the doctrine of vicarious liability: Mousell Bros Ltd v London North Western Railway Co [1917] 2 KB 836. Or by way of primary criminal liability in which the acts or state of mind of certain persons (ie the directors) represent the company’s ‘directing mind’: Lennard’s Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co [1915] AC 705 (HL). 2. Similarly, companies may be vicariously liable for the negligence or fraud of its employees committed in the course of their employment: Lloyd v Grace, Smith & Co [1912] AC 716. The test of control is relevant in determining potential liability and may not be imputed if there is insufficient proximity of one party to another. The Urban Council was held not liable for injuries sustained by a small child by officers chasing a hawker on a busy street: Yuen Tat Cheong & Anor v Urban Council [1988] HKLR 723. 3. Under the principle of res ipsa loquitur (the thing speaks for itself) the mere fact or occurrence or accident resulting in loss or injury may raise an inference of the defendant’s negligence: Ward v Tesco Stores [1976] 1 All ER 219, 1 WLR 810. But this doctrine may not be valid if negligence cannot be clearly attributed to the defendants: Hu Yung Chuen & Lew Tam Siu v Wealth Sharp Co Limited (CACV 133/91, unreported). In occupiers’ liability, the owner of premises may be liable for injuries sustained by persons on the said premises: Occupiers’ Liability Ordinance (Cap 314) ss 3, 4. See also Employers’ liability; Occupiers’ liability; Possession; Res ipsa loquitur; Vicarious liability. Trade and commerce - Control is applicable to the activities of large corporations which may be dominant in a given economic sector. In many jurisdictions, common law and statutory controls are imposed upon corporations whose business activities are deemed to unduly lessen competition by way of corporate mergers, monopolistic control or other trade practices directed to this end. The Hong Kong Code on Takeovers and Mergers and Share Repurchases (a non-statutory regulation) is directed, inter alia, at protecting shareholders’ interests in corporate acquisitions or takeovers wherein one entity acquires control over another by purchasing a majority of its shares: Companies Ordinance (Cap 32) s 168, sch IX. See also Amalgamation; Acquisition; Merger; Monopoly; Takeover. 指示、規管、支配、監督的權力。指示或約制某東西的能力；支配他人的力量。 合約法 - 實際或法定持有。 1. 銀行客戶的現金存款不再是屬於該客戶作為本金的錢，該筆現金存款反過來成為銀行的錢，由銀行管有，按照其意欲並一如它自己的錢來處理，例如用作賺取利潤。實際上，該筆現金存款成為銀行的錢，但銀行當然有責任，按照銀行業慣例，償還該客戶的本金及累算利息：Parker v Marchant (1843) 1 Phillips 356, 41 ER 667。 2. 商業代理人在業務運作中持有及管有他人的貨品，並有向第三者處置該貨品的權力：《代理商條例》（第48章）第3條。另見 Assessment; Factor; Mercantile agent。 法團 - 1. 管理支配或監督一間公司的全面權力（與所有權相對比）一般授予董事會，它可以行使《公司條例》或公司組織章程細則規定的或由公司在大會上行使的權力：《公司條例》（第32章）附表1 表格A 第82條。如董事在他們的法定權力（或章程中的相對權力）內行事，他們不一定要遵守股東在大會上通過的決議：Automatic Self-Cleansing Filter Syndicate Co Ltd v Cuninghame [1906] 2 Ch 34（英國上訴法院）。如董事濫用或超越他們的權力存在保障措施，股東可在大會上提出異議，或入董事會不能或不願行使其權力：Tang Kam Yip v Yau Kung School [1986] 2 HKC 100; Barron v Potter [1914] 1 Ch 895。 2. 公司實體間的附屬控股關係由一間對另一間各自的控制來決定。但是，各自持有股份和投票的權力須被精確的評定，因為事實上持有股票的規模在決定真實的控制上可能誤導，例如，凡公司通過債券或信托行為獲得以受信人身分行事和投票的權力時，持有的股票或可行使的權力未被包括在評定之內：《公司條例》（第32章）第2(6)(a)-(d)條。控制也可通過不經任何其他人同意或一致同意撤銷另一實體董事的能力的方式授權給董事會。另見 Entity; Holding company; Subsidiary。 稅收 - 凡稅務局局長認為某些個別人士或法團在提交入息稅或利得稅的報稅表時，提供不確的報表或提交申報不確的報稅表，則有權（連同其他權力）命令該等個別人士或法團提交資產及負債資料：《稅務條例》（第112章）第51A條。 侵權法 - 1. 某人對另一人或實體，因兩者間存在著一有別於純粹的所有權關係的一種關係，而可行使的控制程度，達致後者行為的法律責任可加諸於前者。在法團法中，根據轉嫁責任的原則，公司可就其僱員在受僱工作範圍內所犯的刑事罪行，負上刑事責任：Mousell Bros Ltd v London North Western Railway Co [1917] 2 KB 836。或通過首要刑事責任，即某些人（例如董事）的行為或心態體現著公司的「有指導權力的人才」：Lennard’s Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co [1915] AC 705（上議院）。 2.同樣地，公司可就其僱員在受僱工作期間所犯的疏忽、欺詐負上轉嫁責任：Lloyd v Grace, Smith & Co [1912] AC 716。驗證管控的方法與厘定潛在的法律責任有關，如一方與另一方沒有充足的接近，管控不能轉嫁。市政局被判無須就市政局人員，在繁忙街道上追趕小販，小孩因而受傷，負上法律責任：Yuen Tat Cheong & Anor v Urban Council [1988] HKLR 723。 3.根據事情不言自明的原則，僅僅就損失或受傷的事實、事故、意外，即可作出被告人疏忽的推論：Ward v Tesco Stores [1976] 1 All ER 219, 1 WLR 810。但如疏忽不能可以很明確地歸咎於被告人，這原則則可能無效：Hu Yung Chuen & Lew Tam Siu v Wealth Sharp Co Limited（民事上訴1991年第133號，未經彙報）。 4.涉及占用人法律責任時，處所的擁有人可能要就某些人在其處所蒙受的傷害，負上法律責任：《佔用人法律責任條例》（第314章）第3及4條。另見Employers’ liability; Occupiers’ liability; Possession; Res ipsa loquitur; Vicarious liability。 貿易及商業 - 管控可適用於支配某特定經濟環節的大型法團的活動上。於多數司法管轄區內，普通法上及法定的管控可向其業務活動藉以下方式而被視為不當地減少競爭的法團施行：法團合併、壟斷式管控或以此為目的的其他商業行為。香港《公司收購、合併及股份購回守則》（非法定規例）連同其他規例，旨在保障股東於收購或合併中的利益，即當某實體藉購入超過半數的股份，而收購另一實體的控制權：《公司條例》（第32章）第168條，附件IX。另見 Amalgamation; Acquisition; Merger; Monopoly; Takeover。n. |
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