| 单词 | Treaty |
| 释义 | 條約 An international agreement concluded between states in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments, and whatever its particular designation: Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 art 2 para 1 (a). This definition is agreeable to Chinese law, in which the agreements between China and international organisations have been excluded and a treaty should also be in written form: The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Procedure of the Conclusion of Treaties (adopted by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress and effective on 28 December 1990) art 2. Similar agreements concluded between international organisations, are also regarded as international treaties: Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organisations or between International Organisations 1986. The law of treaties as between states is primarily governed by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969, which codifies the various requirements involved in the making of treaties from the accreditation with ‘full powers’ of negotiators to the entry into force, amendment, and denunciation of treaties, though customary international law will continue to govern areas not so covered. Treaties, whether general or particular, establish rules recognised by states and as such are a primary source of international law applied by the International Court of Justice: Statute of the International Court of Justice 1945 art 38(1). Unless the intention is for states to be bound upon signature, at that stage they are only required to refrain from acts that would defeat its purpose, but upon ratification they are so bound while states which did not sign the treaty before it closed for signature accede to its provisions by depositing an instrument of accession: Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 arts 2, 14-18. In the People’s Republic of China, the State Council, namely, the Central People’s Government or its authorised departments or organs, has the capacity to conclude treaties with foreign states: Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Procedure of the Conclusion of Treaties 1990 art 3 para 1. The Hong Kong SAR has been delegated the power to conclude certain kinds of treaties on its own: Basic Law art 151. Also known as ‘convention’, ‘protocol’, ‘agreement’, ‘arrangement’, ‘statute’, ‘covenant’, ‘declaration’, ‘modus Vivendi’, ‘exchange of note or letter’, ‘final act’ or ‘general act’. See also International Court of Justice; Sources of International law; Law-making treaty; Sovereign state; Treaty law. 國家之間以書面形式締結並由國際法規管的國際協議，載錄在單一文書或在超過一份有關的文書內，及不論其個別的名稱：《1969年維也納條約法公約》第2條第1(a)段。這定義符合免除中國及國際組織之間的協議的中國法律，而任何條約均應以書面形式作出亦符合中國法律：《中華人民共和國締結條約程法》（由全國人民代表大會常務委員會通過並於1990年12月28日起生效）第2條。國際組織之間締結的類似協議亦被視為國際條約：《1986年維也納國家與國際組織之間或國際組織之間條約法公約》。國家之間的條約法主要由《1969年維也納條約法公約》規管，這公約將各種訂立條約的規定編纂為成文法則，範疇包括由審定談判員的「全權」至條約的生效、修訂及退約，但國際習慣法會繼續規管仍未覆蓋的範疇。不論屬於一般或特別性質，條約均確立國家認可的規則，並因而屬於國際法庭應用的國際法的主要來源：《1945年國際法庭法規》第38(1)條。除非有使國家受簽署約束的意圖，在該等階段，須避免會破壞該等目的的行為，但一經確認，便會受到約束，而在簽署結束前沒有就有關條約簽署的國家而言，可籍交存加入文書加入有關的條文：《1969年維也納條約法公約》第2及14至18段。在中華人民共和國，國務院（即中央人民政府或其授權的部門或機構）可與外國締結條約：《1990年中華人民共和國締結條約程法》第3條第 1段。香港特別行政區獲授權單獨地與世界各國、各地區及有關國際組織締結若干條約：《基本法》第151條。另稱「公約」、「議定書」、「協議」、「安排」、「法挸」、「契諾」、「聲明」、「臨時議定書」、「換文」、「最後法令」或「一般法令」。另見 International Court of Justice; Sources of International law; Law-making treaty; Sovereign state; Treaty law。 n. |
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