| 单词 | Unilateral mistake |
| 释义 | 單方面的錯誤 A mistake by only one party to a contract. The defendant’s unilateral mistake is by itself a defence in equity to an action for specific performance if the plaintiff either contributed to (Baskcomb v Beckwith (1869) LR 8 Eq 100) or must have known of (Webster v Cecil (1861) 30 Beav 62) the mistake, or if it has been occasioned by some cause outside the defendant’s control (Malins v Freeman (1837) 2 Keen 25), although in such cases the alternative claim for damages may still be made by the other party. Where the mistake is unilateral, rectification will not usually be available, but the parties may be restored to their original position by rescission of the contract (Laimond Property Investment Co Ltd v Arlington Park Mansions Ltd [1989] 1 EGLR 208 (CA)), although the defendant may elect to have rectification (Paget v Marshall (1884) 28 Ch D 255) but this approach is now unlikely to be taken (Riverlate Properties Ltd v Paul [1975] Ch 133, [1974] 2 All ER 656 (CA)). A unilateral mistake, whether of fact or of law, in a deed or other instrument of conveyance is not in general a ground for setting aside the instrument where the mistake has not been induced by fraud. A plaintiff seeking rescission on the ground of mistake will not succeed unless it is shown that the mistake was induced by the defendant, that is, that the mistake was not the plaintiff’s own fault: Wilding v Sanderson [1897] 2 Ch 534. If, however, one party knows that the instrument contains a mistake in his favour but does nothing to correct it, he will not be able to resist rectification on the ground that the mistake is unilateral (Riverlate Properties Ltd v Paul [1975] Ch 133, [1974] 2 All ER 656 (CA)); it is not necessary to show that the defendant was guilty of sharp practice so long as it can be shown that it would be inequitable to allow him to object to rectification of the document (Thomas Bates & Son Ltd v Wyndham’s (Lingerie) Ltd [1981] 1 All ER 1077, 1 WLR 505 (CA)). See also Common mistake; Mutual mistake. 僅由合約其中一方作出的錯誤。如原告人有份造成（Baskcomb v Beckwith (1869) LR 8 Eq 100）或應該已知悉（Webster v Cecil (1861) 30 Beav 62）該錯誤，或該錯誤由被告人控制以外的若干因素所引致（Malins v Freeman (1837) 2 Keen 25），則被告人單方面的錯誤本身屬強制履行訴訟的衡平法抗辯，縱使在此等情況下其他締約方仍可就損害賠償而作出交替申索。如屬單方面的錯誤，則該錯誤通常不可予以糾正，但締約各方可藉撤銷該合約以回復至其原本的處境（Laimond Property Investment Co Ltd v Arlington Park Mansions Ltd [1989] 1 EGLR 208（芵國上訴法院）），儘管該被告人可選擇糾正該錯誤（Paget v Marshall (1884) 28 Ch D 255），但現在相當可能不會採取此方法（Riverlate Properties Ltd v Paul [1975] Ch 133, [1974] 2 All ER 656（芵國上訴法院））。就契據或其他轉讓文書上的單方面的錯誤而言（不論是事實上或法律上的錯誤），凡該錯誤並非由欺詐行為所導致，則一般不是宣告該文書無效的理由。原告人以錯誤為理由尋求撤銷合約，除非可證明被告人促使該錯誤，即該錯誤並非原告人本身的錯失，否則該原告人不會勝訴：Wilding v Sanderson [1897] 2 Ch 534。但如一方知悉該文書載有使他受惠的錯誤，但沒有作出任何行動予以改正，則他不可基於該錯誤屬單方面的，而拒絕更正該文書（Riverlate Properties Ltd v Paul [1975] Ch 133, 2 All ER 655（芵國上訴法院））；如該一方反對糾正該文件，只要可證明就此作出准許屬不公平，則無需證明該被告人犯有不擇手段的嬴利行為（Thomas Bates & Son Ltd v Wyndham’s (Lingerie) Ltd [1981] 1 All ER 1077, 1 WLR 505（芵國上訴法院））。另見 Common mistake; Mutual mistake。 |
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