| 单词 | Negligence clause |
| 释义 | 疏忽條款 A clause in a bill of lading or charterparty, which extends the scope of the usual liability exceptions clause to relieve the shipowner or carrier from liability for loss or damage caused by the negligent acts or omissions of its servants or agents. It does not protect a shipowner against the consequences of its personal negligence or default. Since a shipowner will have liabilities other than negligence, the clause is enforceable only if it is clear and unambiguous and expressly refers to negligence: Smith v South Wales Switchgear Co Ltd [1978] 1 WLR 165. The clause must also be reasonable: Control of Exemption Clauses Ordinance (Cap 71) ss 3, 7(2). Any ambiguities will be resolved against the shipowner: Hollins v Davy (J) Ltd [1963] 1 QB 844. The clause does not exclude the absolute warranty of seaworthiness implied under common law. However, such warranty will not be implied where the contract of carriage is subject to the Hague-Visby Rules, which require the carrier to exercise due diligence to make the ship seaworthy before and at the beginning of the voyage: Carriage of Goods by Sea Ordinance (Cap 462) s 5; The Hague-Visby Rules art III r 1. The clause also does not exclude or restrict the liability for death or personal injury: Control of Exemption Clauses Ordinance (Cap 71) s 7(1). See also Bill of lading; Carrier; Charterparty; Injury; Negligence; Seaworthiness; Shipowner. 指提單或租約裡延伸一般法律責任的例外條款，以解除船主或承運人就因其受僱人或代理人的疏忽作為或不作為而負上損失或損害賠償。它並不針對個人疏忽或失責而保障船主。由於船主除了疏忽外有其他法律責任，因此條款只可在清楚而沒有含糊之處，以及明顯地指明疏忽的情況下方可強制性執行：Smith v South Wales Switchgear Co Ltd [1978] 1 WLR 165。條款亦須為合理：《管制免責條款條例》(第71章)第3及7(2)條。任何含糊之處須針對船主而解決：Hollins v Davy (J) Ltd [1963] 1 QB 844。任何條款不得卸除根據普通法所隱含對船舶適航狀態的絕對擔保。但當海上貨物運輸合約受《海牙－維斯比規則》所管限，即規定該承運人須盡一切應盡努力以使該船舶在航程前及航程開始時適航：《海上貨物運輸條例》（第462章）第5條；《海牙－維斯比規則》第III條第一條規則。任何條款不得卸除或局限引致他人死亡或人身傷害的法律責任：《制免責條款條例》（第71章）第7(1)條。另見 Bill of lading; Carrier; Charterparty; Injury; Negligence; Seaworthiness; Shipowner。 |
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