| 单词 | Corporate crime |
| 释义 | 法團罪行 Criminal conduct involves a corporation; that is, committed either by or through a corporation. Corporate criminal liability is based on the doctrine of vicarious liability in that the acts of the directors, servants, or agents acting within the scope of actual or ostensible authority: Tesco Supermarkets Ltd v Nattrass [1972] AC 153 (HL). A corporation cannot be guilty of any criminal offences which by their very nature are committed by natural persons such as bigamy or perjury: R v ICR Haulage Ltd [1944] 1 All ER 691, KB 551. At common law, a corporation may not be convicted of a crime, the penalty for which may only be inflicted upon a natural person, such as imprisonment: R v ICR Haulage Ltd, supra. Apart from the exception, a corporation is liable for statutory and common law offence and the directors or officers may be deemed to be guilty of such offence: Brentnall and Cleland Ltd v LCC [1945] KB 115; R v ICR Haulage Ltd, supra; A-G v Demand Enterprises [1987] 1 HKLR 195. See also Corporate defence; Corporate liability; Corporate offence; Crime; Director; Due diligence; White collar crime. 涉及法團的刑事行為；由法團直接或間接干犯的刑事行為。法團要承擔刑事法律責任，是依據因他人作為須承擔法律責任的原則，亦即是因董事，僱員或代理人，在實際的或顯然的授權行事範圍內所行之事，須承擔法律責任：Tesco Supermarkets Ltd v Nattrass [1972] AC 153（上議院）。對於某些刑事罪行，例如重婚或發假誓，性質上必然是自然人才能干犯的，法團不可能會犯這些罪：R v ICR Haulage Ltd [1944] 1 All ER 691, KB 551。又根據普通法，某罪行所判處的刑罰，例如監禁，只可以向自然人判處，因此法團不可能被裁定犯了這樣的罪：R v ICR Haulage Ltd, 見上文。除例外的情況外，法團可為法定罪行或普通法罪行承擔法律責任，而法團的董事或高級行政人員可被當作犯了這些罪行：Brentnall and Cleland Ltd v LCC [1945] KB 115; R v ICR Haulage Ltd, 見上文; A-G v Demand Enterprises [1987] 1 HKLR 195。另見 Corporate defence; Corporate liability; Corporate offence; Crime; Director; Due diligence; White collar crime。 |
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