| 单词 | Relief against penalties |
| 释义 | 針對罰款的濟助 Relief granted by a court of equity against penalty clauses in a contract. Equity relieves against penalties when the intention of the penalty is to secure the payment of a sum of money or the attainment of some other object, and when the event upon which the penalty is made payable can be adequately compensated by payment of interest or otherwise: Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd [1980] AC 827, 1 All ER 556 (HL). Thus relief is granted in equity against penal sums made payable on breach of bonds, covenants and agreements for payment of money by instalments, such as hire purchase agreements (Export Credits Guarantee Department v Universal Oil Products Co Procon Inc and Procon (Great Britain) Ltd [1983] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 448 (CA)), or for doing or omitting to do a particular act. Courts of equity regard penalty provisions as unenforceable, and leave the party trying to enforce them to whatever remedy that party might have at common law (such as damages) for the defaulter’s breach: Davis v Thomas (1830) 1 Russ & M 506. The penalty clause is not, however, struck out. It remains in the contract and may be sued on, but it will not be enforced by the court beyond the sum which represents the actual loss of the party seeking payment: Jobson v Johnson [1989] 1 All ER 621, 1 WLR 1026 (CA). The court will not lightly interfere with freedom of contract and will not generally, merely because a person has made an improvident contract, relieve him from its consequences: Union Eagle Ltd v Golden Achievement Ltd [1997] AC 514, 1 HKC 173, HKLR 366 (PC). See also Penalty; Penalty clause. 由衡平法院針對合約的罰款條文給予的濟助。如罰款的意圖在於確保償付一筆款項或達到若干其他目的，及就有關的事情應作出的罰款可以支付利息或其他方式作出足夠的賠償，平衡法便會針對罰款而濟助：Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd [1980] AC 827, 1 All ER 556（上議院）。因而在平衡法，會針對因違反擔保，契諾及以分期付款方式支付的協議而應繳的罰金給予濟助，例如分期付款租購協議 (Export Credits Guarantee Department v Universal Oil Products Co Procon Inc and Procon (Great Britain) Ltd [1983] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 448 （英國上訴法院）)，或作出或沒有作出特定的行為。衡平法院視罰款條文不可強制執行，及就失責者的違反，准許嘗試執行罰款條文的一方在普通法下任何可能有的補救（例如損害賠償）：Davis v Thomas (1831) 1 Russ & M 506。但罰款條文並沒有被刪去。罰款條文仍留在合約及可就此被起訴，但法院不會強制執行超逾代表謀求款項的當事人的實際損失的款額： Jobson v Johnson [1989] 1 All ER 621, 1 WLR 1026 （英國上訴法院）。法院不會輕易干涉合約的自由及一般而言不會僅因為一人作出未顧及將來的合約，而就其後果給予濟助：Union Eagle Ltd v Golden Achievement Ltd [1997] 1 HKC 173, HKLR 366（樞密院）。另見 Penalty; Penalty clause。 |
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