| 单词 | Waiver of privilege |
| 释义 | 免除特權 Conduct by a party entitled to a privilege inconsistent with the confidence preserved by the privilege. For example, in relation to privilege of witnesses, the privilege may be waived by the person entitled to claim it, either expressly or by allowing evidence to be given of matters in respect of which privilege might have been claimed: George Doland Ltd v Blackburn Robson Coates & Co (A Firm) [1972] 3 All ER 959, 1 WLR 1338. Legal professional privilege may be waived expressly or impliedly by the client. If the client brings proceedings for professional negligence against the lawyer, there is implied waiver. However, where a barrister uses the confidential material supplied to him to attack his client and not as a defence to any legal action by the client or to defend his professional reputation, there is no waiver of legal professional privilege: China Light & Power Co Ltd v Ford [1998] 1 HKLRD 382 (CA). The privilege of communications is waived when a document is disclosed to the other party in the course of litigation: Persaud v Glenealy Mansion Ltd [1987] 1 HKC 112 (CA). When privilege is waived by disclosure of a document before trial or by its use in cross-examination, the waiver relates only to the document itself; but, if a privileged document is adduced in evidence, the waiver extends to the transaction to which the evidence goes and to other documents relevant to that transaction: General Accident Fire and Life Assurance Corp Ltd v Tanter, The Zephyr [1984] 1 All ER 35, 1 WLR 100. See also Evidence; Legal professional privilege; Privilege against self-incrimination. 享有特權的一方所作出的行為，而該行為與該特權保留的信任關係不相符。舉例說，就證人的特權而言，該特權可由享有其申索的人，以明示方式或透過准予就哪一種特權可能曾予以申索而作供免除：George Doland Ltd v Blackburn Robson Coates & Co (A Firm) [1972] 3 All ER 959, 1 WLR 1338。法律專業特權可由委託人以明示或默示方式免除。若該委託人就專業疏忽針對其律師提出訴訟，則導致隱含地免除該特權。然而，凡某大律師利用其獲得的機密資料，以抨擊其委託人，而不利用該資料作為該委託人的任何法律行動的抗辯，或作為就其專業聲譽的抗辯，則不可免除該法律專業特權：China Light & Power Co Ltd v Ford [1998] 1 HKLRD 382（上訴法院）。當在訴訟過程中向另一方披露某文件，則通訊特權會予以免除：Persaud v Glenealy Mansion Ltd [1987] 1 HKC 112（上訴法院）。凡透過在法庭席前披露某文件，或在盤問中使用該文件，而免除特權，則該免除僅與該文件本身有關；但若援引某份享有特權的文件作為證據，則該免除引伸而適用於利用該證據的和解協議，及與該和解協議有關的其他文件：General Accident Fire and Life Assurance Corp Ltd v Tanter, The Zephyr [1984] 1 All ER 35, 1 WLR 100。另見 Evidence; Legal professional privilege; Privilege against self-incrimination。 |
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