| 单词 | Navigation |
| 释义 | 航行 The science and practice of determining a course for a ship, aircraft or vehicle from one place to another. The navigation of a ship must have regard to the type of ship: Canada Shipping Co v British Shipowners’ Mutual Protection Assn (1889) 23 QBD 342. The reference of navigation of a ship in a charterparty or contract of carriage embraces matters of seamanship, such as choices as to the speed or steering of a ship. However, this does not include everything which involves the ship proceeding through the water: The ‘Hill Harmony’ [2001] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 147(HL). A charterer, except a demise charterer who has control and possession of a ship, is not entitled to give orders as to the navigation of a ship, which remains in the control of the owner through his master: The Erechthion [1987] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 180. The carrier and the ship shall not be responsible for loss or damage arising or resulting from the act, neglect or default of the master in the navigation of a ship, where ‘navigation’ refers to the seafaring aspects of navigation and not to the commercial or legal aspects of ship operation: The Hague-Visby Rules art IV r 2; Krutsford v Tillmans [1908] AC 406. See also Collision; Navigational aid; Navigator. 指決定某船隻、飛機或車輛從某處地方到另一處的過程的科學及慣例。船隻的航行須顧及其類型：Canada Shipping Co v British Shipowners’ Mutual Protection Assn (1889) 23 QBD 342。在租約或運輸合約中的船隻航行的涵義包含航海技術，如速度的選擇或船隻的轉向。但並不包括所有涉及船隻出海的事情：The ‘Hill Harmony’ [2001] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 147(上議院)。除了轉管租約承租人擁有船隻的控制權及管有權，任何租船人不得就船隻的航行發出任何命令，此等命令必須由船主通過船長保留其控制權：The Erechthion [1987] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 180。承運人及船隻不須就因船隻航行的船長作出疏忽或失責的行為所引起或導致的損失或損害負上責任，而「航行」指有關海員的航行問題，而非指營運船隻的商業或法律問題：《海牙維斯比規則》第IV條第二條規則；Krutsford v Tillmans [1908] AC 406。另見 Collision; Navigational aid; Navigator。n. |
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