| 单词 | Capacity |
| 释义 | 身份能力／行為能力 The power, ability or competence of a person or body. Agency - The competence of a person to act as principal or agent. In general, whatever a person has power to do himself, he may do by means of an agent, except where the acts are of a personal nature: Hawkins v Kemp (1803) 3 East 410; Clauss v Pir [1988] Ch 267; or are prescribed by statute to be done by the principal personally: Re Prince Blucher, ex p Debtor [1931] 2 Ch 70. All persons of sound mind are competent to act as agents, and thus a minor may be an agent: Re D’Angibau, Andrews v Andrews (1879) 15 Ch D 228, affd (1880) 15 Ch D 236. Statutes sometimes require certain qualifications in persons acting as particular kinds of agent. See also Agency; Agent; Principal. Criminal law - In relation to criminal responsibility, the ability to make rational choices to perform or refrain from performing certain acts. Impairment of mental capacity resulting from an abnormality of the mind may allowed a person who is accused of murder to rely on the defence of diminished responsibility: Homicide Ordinance (Cap 339) s 3. An accused may rely on the defence of insanity if at the time of the conduct giving rise to the alleged offence, the accused was labouring under a defect of reason owing to a disease of the mind so as not to know the nature and quality of his or her act, or so as not to know that what he or she was doing was wrong: R v Lam Kwong Choi [1959] HKLR 252. The law presumes that an accused person has sufficient mental capacity to establish that his or her actions resulted from an exercise of the will, unless there is evidence which leaves the jury in doubt as to whether the actions were voluntary: R v M’Naughten (1843) 10 Cl & Fin 200. See also Automatism; Criminal responsibility; Diminished responsibility; Insanity; Intoxication. Tort - The ability to commit a tort. Capacity may come into question where an alleged tort has been committed by a child or a lunatic. Minority as such is not a defence in the law of tort, it is a question of fact in each case whether a minor had the particular state of mind required for committing the tort in question. A mentally disordered person who knows the nature and quality of his act commits a tort, it is no defence that he does not know that what he is doing is wrong: Morriss v Marsden [1952] 1 All ER 925. See also Incapacity; Intentional tort; Tort. 一個人或身體的權力、能力或稱職能力。 代理法 - 某人作為委託人或代理人的稱職能力。一般來說，除非是私人性質的行為，某人有能力親自做的事情，都可透過代理人去做：Hawkins v Kemp (1803) 3 East 410; Clauss v Pir [1988] Ch 267；或法規訂明須由委託人親自完成：Re Prince Blucher, ex p Debtor [1931] 2 Ch 70。任何精神健全的人均可作為代理人，因此一個未成年人亦可作為代理人：Re D’Angibau, Andrews v Andrews (1879) 15 Ch D 228, 獲確認(1880) 15 Ch D 236。有時法規會要求某特定類別的代理人須具有一定的資格。另見 Agency; Agent; Principal。 刑法 - 就刑事責任而言，可作出理性選擇的能力，作出或不作出某些行為。一個人因精神上行為能力的損害，而導致神志失常，當他被指控謀殺時，他可依賴減責神志失常作為抗辯理由；《殺人罪行條例》（第339章）第3條。被告人在其作出引起指稱所犯罪行的行為時，他／她因精神上的疾病，導致理性上有缺陷，因此不明白其行為的本質及特性，或不明白所作所為是錯誤的，該被告人可依賴精神錯亂為抗辯理由：R v Lam Kwong Choi [1959] HKLR 252。除非可舉反證，使陪審團懷疑被告人的行為並非出於自願，否則法律假定該被告人有足夠的精神上行為能力，證明他／她的行為是經由意志運用所產生：R v M’Naughten (1843) 10 Cl & Fin 200。另見 Automatism; Criminal responsibility; Diminished responsibility; Insanity; Intoxication。 侵權法 - 作出侵犯他人權利的行為之能力。當指稱侵權行為是由兒童或精神病人所作出，則可考慮其行為能力。未成年本身在侵權法中不構成抗辯理由，一個未成年人是否有作出有關的侵權行為之特定心態，在個別案件中屬事實問題。一個作出侵權行為的精神紊亂者，若明白自己所作行為的本質及特性，則不能以其不明白所作所為屬錯誤而作為抗辯：Morriss v Marsden [1952] 1 All ER 925。另見 Incapacity; Intentional tort; Tort。n. |
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