| 单词 | Proximity |
| 释义 | 接近 The notion of nearness or closeness and embraces physical proximity (in the sense of space and time) between the person or property of the plaintiff and the person or property of the defendant, circumstantial proximity such as an overriding relationship of employer and employee or of a professional man and his client and what might (perhaps loosely) be referred to as causal proximity in the sense of the closeness or directness of the causal connection or relationship between the particular course of conduct and the loss or injury sustained: Sutherland Shire Council v Heyman (1985) 60 ALR 1. It may reflect an assumption by one party of a responsibility to take care to avoid or prevent injury, loss or damage to the person or property of another or reliance by one party upon such care being taken by the other in circumstances where the other party knew or ought to have known of that reliance: M’Alister (or Donoghue) v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 (HL). Both the identity and relative importance of the factors which are determinative of an issue of proximity are likely to vary in different categories of case: Sutherland Shire Council v Heyman, supra. Proximity is one of the criteria for determining the existence of a notional duty of care: Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605, 1 All ER 568 (HL). See also Duty of care; Negligence. 相近的概念及包含實質上的接近（就原告的身體和財物及被告的身分和財物之間 的空間及時間的意思而言）； 環境的接近 例如僱主和僱員之間或專業人士及其當事人之間的凌駕關係； 及可被指為原因的接近（或不嚴格地）， 即就原因關連的接近或直接或個別一連串行為和蒙受的損失或傷害之間的關係的意思而言： Sutherland Shire Council v Heyman (1985) 60 ALR 1。可反映一方對他人的身體或財物有小心避免或阻止傷害，損失或破壞的責任的假設; 或反映在有關情況下．一方已知道或應該己知道另一方會依賴自己有關所作出的小心責任： M’Alister (or Donoghue) v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 （上議院）。可決定接近問題的因素的屬性和有關重要性相當有可能在不同類型的案件有差異 : Sutherland Shire Council v Heyman, 見上文。接近是決定概念上的小心責任是否存在的其中一個標準: Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605, 1 All ER 568（上議院）。另見 Duty of care; Negligence。n. |
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