| 单词 | Implied covenant |
| 释义 | 隱含契諾 1. A promise or term of a contract which is not expressly set out, but is founded on the presumed intention of the parties, and upon reason: Foley v Classique Coaches Ltd [1934] All ER Rep 88, 2 KB 1 (CA). Such implication depends on the particular facts: La Salle Court Co-operation Building Society Ltd v H A Stewart [1966] HKLR 449; Ma Hui Tung Kuk & Anor v Cheong Hing Ha Kee Construction Co Ltd & Anor [1992] 2 HKC 391 (HC). It is a matter of construction for the court: Hamlyn & Co v Wood [1891] 2 QB 488 (CA). A covenant will only be implied when it is both reasonable and necessary to give business efficacy to the contract made: The Moorcock (1889) 14 PD 64 (CA); Jardine Engineering Corp Ltd & Ors v Shimizu Corp [1992] 2 HKC 271 (HC). A term will not be implied so as to contradict any express term: Baldry v Marshall [1925] 1 KB 260 (CA); Tsang Fan Hang v Hang Hing Construction Co Ltd [1981] 1 HKC 343 (HC). It is regarded as having been impliedly agreed to and is implied into the contract to give effect to the intention of the parties to the contract. 2. A covenant implied at law which is the contractual obligation between the landlord and tenant. It is implied either from the nature of the transaction or from the use of certain technical words. In general no covenant ought to be implied unless necessary and the court can ascertain what covenant or undertaking should be included in the agreement. The parties usually implicitly accept the implied obligations when entering into the lease. For example, the landlord’s implied covenant to quiet enjoyment: Mexon Holdings Ltd v Silver Bay International Ltd [1999] 3 HKC 756 (CA); the tenant’s implied covenant to pay rent, more specifically, there is an implied covenant in every tenancy to pay the rent on the due date and a condition for forfeiture due to non-payment within 15 days of the due date stipulated in the Landlord and Tenant (Consolidation) Ordinance (Cap 7). Terms can be implied by custom: Chan Pui v Chu Yan Kit [1950] 34 HKLR 297. Covenants implied at law are limited in number and scope. On the other hand, covenants implied in fact arising of necessity from the circumstances are always possible but derive from the facts of individual cases. See also Covenant; Landlord; Possession; Quiet enjoyment; Statutory implied covenant; Tenant; Tenantlike manner. 1. 基於各方推定的意圖及理由產生、但沒有明訂的承諾或合約條款：Foley v Classique Coaches Ltd [1934] All ER Rep 88, 2 KB 1英國上訴法院）。此等含意取決於特定的事實：La Salle Court Co-operation Building Society Ltd v H A Stewart [1966] HKLR 449; Ma Hui Tung Kuk & Anor v Cheong Hing Ha Kee Construction Co Ltd & Anor [1992] 2 HKC 391 (高等法院)。隱含契諾由法庭作出解釋：Hamlyn & Co v Wood [1891] 2 QB 488（英國上訴法院）。僅會在給予已訂立合約商業效力所需及合理的情況下，法庭才會作出隱含契諾的判定：The Moorcock (1889) 14 PD 64（上訴法院）；Jardine Engineering Corp Ltd & Ors v Shimizu Corp [1992] 2 HKC 271(高等法院))。在與明訂條款互相矛盾的情況下，法庭亦不會作出隱含條款的判定：Baldry v Marshall [1925] 1 KB 260（英國上訴法院）；Tsang Fan Hang v Hang Hing Construction Co Ltd [1981] HKC 343。隱含契諾被視為經默示同意，因而可藉合約的含意使合約各方的意向具有效力。 2.在法律上隱含有關業主與租客之間合約責任的契諾。隱含契諾產生自交易的性質或若干使用的專門字句。概括而言，除非有必要，否則契諾不應以隱含形式產生，而法庭則可就協議應收納的契諾或承諾，予以確定。在訂立租契時，租約各方通常會默示接受隱含的責任。例如業主有關平靜受益權的隱含契諾：Mexon Holdings Ltd v Silver Bay International Ltd [1999] 3 HKC 756（上訴法院）；租客支付租金的隱含契諾，《業主與租客（綜合）條例》（第7章）規定，每一租賃均包含租客在到期日繳付租金的隱含契諾；租賃亦包含倘若租客在到期日後15天內沒有繳付租金，業主可沒收租賃權的隱含條件。可藉慣例隱含租賃條款：Chan Pui v Chu Yan Kit [1950] 34 HKLR 297。藉法律隱含的契諾數目及範圍均有限。另一方面，藉有關情況所需的事實而產生隱含契諾總是有可能的，但須視乎個別案件的事實。另見 Covenant; Landlord; Possession; Quiet enjoyment; Statutory implied covenant; Tenant; Tenantlike manner。 |
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