| 单词 | Unincorporated association |
| 释义 | 非法人組織 An association of persons, formed by the mutual understanding of its members, which is not incorporated and is not a partnership firm, for example, a sport organisation. It has rules identifying in whom the control of it and its funds rest and in which two or more persons are bound together for one or more common purposes (not being business purposes) by mutual undertakings, each having mutual duties and obligations: Conservative and Unionist Central Office v Burrell [1982] 2 All ER 1, 1 WLR 522. It consists of a number of legal persons having mutual rights and duties in accordance with rules which constitute the contract under which they have agreed to be associated. An unincorporated association is not a legal entity, and therefore cannot as such enter into any contract. However, a member or members, fairly representative of the body of members, may sue or be sued on behalf of all members having the same interest in the action: The Rules of the High Court (Cap 4A) O 15 r 12; Hong Kong Children Association v Chan Mei Kee (HCA 9588/2000, unreported). The liability of the individual members for the debts incurred for the purposes of the association is governed by the ordinary law of contract and agency. Thus, officers of an unincorporated association are now generally held personally liable when they enter into a contract on behalf of that unincorporated association: Verrall v Hackney London Borough Council [1983] 1 QB 445, 1 All ER 277. The property of the association is owned by or on trust for the individual members and subject to the rules. Past members of an unincorporated association may be held liable for debts which were acquired when he or she was a member: Re Sheffield and South Yorkshire Permanent Building Society (1889) 22 QBD 470. The rights of the members, as against each other, to avail themselves of the common property and facilities are governed by their contract: Eastbourne Town Radio Cars Assn v Customs and Excise Cmrs [2001] STC 606 (HL). See also Association; Club; Incorporated association; Partnership; Voluntary body. 並未註冊為法團且多於一人的組織，在其成員相互理解的情況下成立，但不屬於合夥商號，例如運動組織。非法人組織有規則辯識誰控制該組織、其資金屬於誰，及規定一名或一名以上的人士透過相互承諾為一個或一個以上的目的（非商業目的）而聯繫起來，每人均有相互的義務及責任： Conservative and Unionist Central Office v Burrell [1982] 2 All ER 1, 1 WLR 522。非法人組織由擁有相互權利及義務的法人組成，此等相互權利及義務符合構成合約的規則，而根據該合約該些法人同意相聯繫。非法人組織並非法律實體，因此不可訂立任何合約。但該團體中有相當代表性的一名或數名成員，可代表在有關訴訟中擁有相同權益的成員而起訴或被起訴：《高等法院規則》（第4A章）第15號命令第 12條規則；Hong Kong Children Association v Chan Mei Kee（高院民事訴訟2000年第9588號，未經彙報）。有關為組織而招致的債務，個別成員所負的法律責任受一般的合約法及代理法管限。因此，凡非法人組織的人員代表該非法人組織訂立合約，則該人員現時一般須負上個人的法律責任：Verrall v Hackney London Borough Council [1983] 1 QB 445, 1 All ER 277。該組織的財產由個別成員擁有或以信託的形式為個別成員持有，並須受制於有關的規則。非法人組織過去的成員可就過去他／她作為成員時所產生的債項而須負上法律責任：Re Sheffield and South Yorkshire Permanent Building Society (1889) 22 QBD 470。相對於成員之間相互的權利而言，成員為本身求取共同財產及設施的權利由他們的合約所規管：Eastbourne Town Radio Cars Assn v Customs and Excise Cmrs [2001] STC 606（上議院）。另見 Association; Club; Incorporated association; Partnership; Voluntary body。 |
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